Mental Health Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mental Health Policy - Term Paper Example The Medicaid and Medicare a times under pays in that money given to the hospital is less than the one stated. This leads to bad debts. To solve this problem the hospital will invest on alternative policies (Fawcett & Karban, 2005). The hospital has set up a policy in which the hospital will offer a membership plan at which one will have to posses a membership card. In it annual contributions will be required and members will have to renew the membership cards. This will cut on the dependency of the patients’ on the Medicare and Medicaid. This will have mutual benefits, in that it will reduce the problem of hospital incurring bad debts due to under payments by the Medicare and Medicaid. On the other hand the patients will be able to pay less also pay nothing in the case of minor illnesses. The other problem faced by the hospital includes the ability to diversify patients mix. The solution lies on, first creating sections in the hospital to deal with different complications. This will take place without creating an impression that there is discrimination. There will be a well-trained costumer care to enable the hospital have a friendly look hence increasing the client base due to recommendations by those who visit it. Since the hospital main client bases are the elderly, the hospital will invest in a pediatric section to deal with complication relating to children. To reach out to the community mobile stations will be set a side and mobile doctors assigned to enable services provided are of high quality. This will market the hospital to the entire region hence many will seek help to our hospital (Fawcett & Karban, 2005). To ensure inclusiveness of the entire community, hospital signs and labels will be in a language that involves the entire community. The staff will be taught different languages to enable ease in understanding the patients’ complaints. The hospital will be able to provide and feel at ease in

Effects Of Climate Change On Tourism Tourism Essay

Effects Of Climate Change On Tourism Tourism Essay Tourism is an industry that contributes to the world economy. In fact, some countries economies derive most of their revenues from tourism. The increase in individual income and the promotion of different countries of their attractions have caused the industry to grow. Its growth is also fueled by the ease of transportation as more and more hard-to-reach destinations have constructed airports for easier access. With airports, tourists find it possible to reach far-flung areas and enjoy the beauty of the local places. Those who come from cold places would seek warmer locations in the same or different continent. The Northern Europeans, for instance, would go to the nations in the south, like Spain and Italy, to take advantage of the warmer climate. Others would even go so far as Southeast Asia or the Caribbean for their beaches or coral reefs (Bigano et al. 2005, p. 1). In the past several years, there has been a growing concern over the effect of global warming on the climate. All around the world, climate changes are becoming more evident, causing flooding and extreme temperatures in different nations. Weather patterns have become unpredictable, which means that summer periods could be extended or winter may be longer than usual. These disturbances in the weather and their impact on the environment are significant to the tourism industry. The tourism industry is dependent on the predictability of the season in order to attract travelers who want to experience different activities related to the season. Those who love skiing would visit ski lodges while the water enthusiasts are going to beaches during summer. But with climate changes, the tourism industry is affected in various ways. Climate changes can directly or indirectly affect the local destinations, which need to retain their appeal to foreign visitors in order for the industry to flourish. A. Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism Each tourist destination worldwide has its own appeal. This can come from the activities it can provide to visitors, like skiing or golf, or it can come from their natural beauty or what nature has to offer. It is important that each destination should retain its charms in order to keep the tourist industry booming. Another important factor to keep tourism alive is that of accessibility. Areas that become damaged or inaccessible lose their charm, causing tourists to seek other unspoilt or reachable destinations. With climate change, the beauty of the local destinations is threatened while accessibility too can become a problem especially when airports, roads and bridges are destroyed during extreme weather disturbances. The different impact of climate changes on the tourism industry will be discussed in the succeeding sections. (i) Coral Bleaching: Affects Scuba Diving Tourists Scuba diving is one of the most popular activities that encourages the growth of tourism. Areas with extensive and diverse coral reefs would attract visitors from different countries to explore the wonders of the underwater world. However, climate changes in recent years have caused damage to the oceans and the reefs. In the Philippines, a country that is blessed with various diving sites, the warming of the sea especially from the El Nino phenomenon resulted to what is known as coral bleaching. Coral bleaching results to the death of about 49% of live coral. Moreover, the higher amount of dissolved CO2 means that corals, mollusks and shells are also destroyed in the process (Ocean Heritage Philippines 2009). Without these organisms and creatures underwater, the diving industry in this nation will suffer. The diving crowd does not have any reason to visit the Philippines if its corals and sea life will continue to experience devastation. Maldives is another country that would be severely affected by climate changes. Like the Philippines, it also has rich coral reefs that are in danger of being destroyed because of coral bleaching. Divers who visit Maldives specifically for its coral would lose a reason for visiting the island. The same is true for all the other diving spots worldwide. They would all suffer the lessening of the number of visitors to their places. Tourists who are into diving may opt to stay in their places of origin or pursue other alternatives if there are not enough corals in the world left that are worth their time (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 16). (ii) Coastal Flooding and Erosion A more pressing concern of climate changes is the rising of the sea level. Maldives elevation is low, which means that the higher the sea level rises, the more likely will the island be overwashed with storm surges. It is estimated that Maldives could be removed from the map in the next 30 years if the sea level continues to rise unabated. Not only will the countrys tourism become affected but the entire island would disappear (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 17). The Bahamas is another popular destination among tourists because of its temperate climate and its pristine beaches. But the warming brought on by climate changes is going to negatively impact the island. Like the Maldives, the Bahamas is also vulnerable to storm surges, which can get worse with the rising of the sea level. Its freshwater bodies are also turning brackish because of the encroachment of the seawater. Flooding and coastal erosion will severely impact the tourism industry of the Bahamas because tourism is dependent on the relative beauty of the coastal areas. Resorts and hotels could be severely damaged if there are strong storm surges. This island, along with others in the Caribbean, must adapt to climate changes so that their vulnerabilities are lessened (Smith 2008). (iii) Threat to Winter Activities: Reduction of Snow Cover While rising sea levels and coral bleaching threaten tropical islands, those that are located in colder regions are faced with a different kind of threat brought on by climate changes. The tourism industry in colder regions are dependent on winter sports, like skiing, The general trend in the weather conditions is that of warming, which means that the summer months could be extended and the snow cover would be lower. Without enough snow, traditional ski resorts will not be able to offer their usual winter activities. Without those activities, tourism will become slow since their visitors would not want to be stuck in ski resorts with nothing to do for the duration of their vacation (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 19). In the Prairie Provinces of Canada, which includes Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, it is expected that the grassland ecozone will be shifting North, and the wildlife will also move with the ecozone. Some wildlife will not be able to adapt to rapid changes, which can result to their extinction. Wildlife enthusiasts will also follow the game and would not visit the usual places where tourism normally is. A longer summer is also foreseen, which will threaten the livelihood of ski resort operators, restaurants, and hotels (International Institute for Sustainable Development 1997, p. 9). Alternatively, cool destinations become more attractive not because of the winter sports but as a respite from the warming of the already warm regions. People would seek colder places, like North America and Australia. The British and German tourists, who are considered to be the largest in the number of overall international tourists, may prefer to stay home because their weather would not be too cold anymore (Lynas 2003, p. 97). The result of this would be a decline in international tourism revenues. (iv) Uncomfortably High Temperatures Causes Shift in Destinations While ski resorts are experiencing lower revenues because of shorter seasons, those that are located in warmer climates are also finding it a problem when temperatures rise to an uncomfortable level. Northern Europeans mostly like to go vacationing during winter in other parts of the world where the weather is usually sunny for most of the year. They would stay outdoors to sunbathe for several hours. However, summer temperatures are likely to rise above 40 degrees Celsius. This level is already very high for human to still feel comfortable. This can already lead to heat stress and may even cause fatalities due to stroke. Tourists are not likely to visit the summer places to avoid the soaring temperatures. They could instead go to places that are still cold but not as cold as their own regions. Alternatively, the holidaymakers may opt to postpone their vacations to a later time of the year or take it earlier while the heat is not that intense yet (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 21). Bigano et al. (2005, p. 8) stated that it is possible for the movement of tourists to shift and for international tourism revenues to become lower. Some regions are going to benefit from the shift since tourists would be heading to temperate regions; others will suffer from the movement because of the loss of revenues. (v) Spread of Diseases There are many diseases that thrive on warmer climates. Many of them become spread or carried to other countries that did not have them in the past because of the movement of people and goods. The dengue-carrying mosquito and the malaria-carrying mosquito do not thrive in cold climates. They are found in tropical countries in Africa and in Southeast Asia. But with the warming of the globe, suitable environments can be created for them in other nations. This can affect tourism because holidaymakers will shun a tourist destination that becomes a source of a fatal illness. In Spain, for example, the nation is seen as a no-risk destination. Meaning, tourists do not need to get immunized for malaria or the yellow fever. People can go to Spain and have their fun without worrying about exotic diseases. However, malaria has resurfaced in Spain because the climate changes in the region is becoming ideal for the breeding of the type of mosquitoes that carry the disease (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 23). (vi) Loss of Income for Tourist Destinations Since climate changes cause temperatures to rise, the result of that would be the melting of snowcaps and the inundation of coastal areas. The melting of snowcaps is going to hurt the ski operators in Japan, Australia, North America, and the European Alps. When snow melts, that would cause the water level to rise, which in turn will flood coastal areas that are very attractive to those who like to experience the sea. All of these would deal a huge blow on industries that directly or indirectly depend on tourism. The ski resorts are going to lose customers without enough snow for their usual activities. The beach resorts are going to be damaged because of flooding and the natural attractiveness of the beaches could get damaged after flooding. People working on resorts are going to lose their jobs. Those that are indirectly affected by a decline in tourism are the tour guides, the hotels, and the people who derive their income from selling to tourists or for offering their services. Of the $735 billion revenues generated from international tourism, about one third of that income went to developing countries that boasts of beautiful beaches and extensive coral reefs. A worsening of climate change means that developing countries are going to lose a rich source of income (Balboa 2009). B. Implication for Tourism Management Policies Although tourism is a big source of income, it can also become the source of pollution that affects the environment and contributes to climate change. Air travel, ground activities, and ground transport all increase the emissions of carbon dioxide, which causes the climate to become erratic. This means that the local governments should implement policy changes so that tourism does not become a problem. Toward this end, several tourist destinations worldwide are already taking measures to avoid worsening the environmental degradation, as well as, preserve natural attractions. The Boracay Island in the Philippines is one of the famous destinations for people who enjoy long, shorelines with white and powdery beaches. The local government, along with various environmental groups like Green Peace Solar Generation Youth, has implemented climate-friendly solutions that tourists and resort operators should follow. These include responsible tourism, energy efficiency, and zero waste. Energy efficiency measures include the use of solar panels for powering laptops and the use of batteries to operate cars and motorbikes (Temblador 2009). The Phuket island of Thailand promotes ecotourism since the government is also aware that businesses and individuals have to radically change how they deal with the environment in order to lower greenhouse emissions. The Carbon Neutral Concept is already in effect so that those who are in the island become environmental stewards who protect and conserve the natural resources for the future. The program also calls for businesses and individuals to measure and limit their carbon footprints. If possible, they should target net zero emissions (Hot Phuket Villas, n.d.). These two examples are just among the local changes initiated by the governments of areas that are known to be popular tourist destinations. However, these efforts are localised and only aimed at protecting local attractions. There is a need to coordinate efforts among the global tourism industry so that long-term solutions are reached. Those that are in the business should also work with various governments and interest groups so that more countries adapt to the changes that the environment needs. Conclusion It is undeniable that the world is experiencing weather disturbances due to climate changes. Experts believe that environmental damage is one of the reasons why this is happening. Tourism is found to be a contributing factor to climate changes because the movement of people and their activities while on vacation increase the level of carbon emissions. The different effects of climate changes include snowcaps melting, coral bleaching, flooding, and rising sea levels, which are all causing changes to the tourism industry. The more obvious effects include the lowering of the number of tourists in popular destinations where the natural resources, like coral reefs and beaches, have been destroyed due to climate changes. It is also predicted that there is going to be a shift in the movement of people away from overly warm climates to temperate ones, which creates new jobs in new places while making the old destinations suffer economically due to job losses. The impact of climate changes on tourism calls for reforms in the existing policies that relate to the environment. There is a need for local and international cooperation so that the businesses and individuals in the sector will be able to adapt to these changes. The tourism industry has to adopt measures so that natural resources are protected. These measures should also contribute to the protection of the global environment.

The Day They Came To Arrest The Book Review :: essays research papers

My novel ‘The Day They Came To Arrest The Book’ was based upon racism in the late 70’s. An era which occurred before I existed. There are many movies and books depicting events from this time, some of which I have seen or read. I had always thought that my views on racism were somewhat close to the truth, after reading the novel I realized that I had been wrong. Therefore, this novel has altered my feelings and opinions which I had towards the treatment of the Negro race. Before I read this novel I had only ever seen the effects of racism from a white person’s point of view. After reading this I began to understand how life would have been for a black person during this time, and the effects which it would have had on their job, family and own self-esteem. The main point of the book was whether or not, 19th century novel, Huckleberry Finn should be allowed to be a part of the school’s curriculum considering its portrayal of racism. Having a mixed race school many opinions were voiced. In the novel, Huckleberry Finn was treated like the bible. The white people swore by it. To suggest it was wrong and inappropriate, as the blacks of the community did, was something which was frowned upon. Although most of the blacks recognized the fact that Huckleberry Finn held some truth of the past. Everyone is brought up differently, and most oftenly people’s views are a result of their parents views. My parents’ views on racism have swayed me lightly. Much of what I believe has been affected by today’s society itself. Since I have never experienced any first hand racism, the sort which was shown in the book, I have only this to go on. In the novel, nearly every black child sided with his/her parents. That was to throw the book out of the school. Their parents didn’t want them to be subjected to such a crude and negative portrayal of black people. Their attitude affected their children’s views. To everyone’s surprise, one child, was more open-minded. Gordon McLean a black child stated that he did not want to voice an opinion until had read the book. This I found strange considering his father, Carl McLean headed the protest committee and was the most narrow-minded person featured in the book. Carl McLean had grown up during a time where racism was alive and thriving and even though it wasn’t as strong during the present time he still didn’t want his son to go through what he must have been affected during this time.

Essay julius ceaser brutus villain or hero

Hero is not Just a title and to be a true hero it takes more than getting your elderly neighbors cat out of the tree. Throughout the play it is also safe to say Brutes Is not a villain. The best category for Brutes falls under the personnel of a tragic hero. Throughout the play it is obvious to the reader that Brutes is loved by most, including Caesar. Secondly, Brutes revolves his actions around the people of Rome and less his own wants/needs. Lastly, he can not be classified a true hero because of the violence that leads him to â€Å"victory†.In the play the characteristic of tragic hero easily connect o Brutes making it very easy to demonstrate why that Is the best title for Brutes. It Is safe to say Brutes Is not a hero from head to toe. Some of his acts Inflict tragedy on others and Inflict pain on him self. Brutes causes much pain to people close to Caesar such as California and Antonym â€Å"O mighty Caesar! Dost thou Ill so low? Are all thy conquests, glories, triumph s, spoils, shrunk to this little measure? Fare thee well. † (Shakespeare In 148-150 act 3 sin 1). This shows that Brutes â€Å"Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. (Shakespeare In 22-23 act 3 sin 2) is not hinging about the entire Rome but only the majority. This means that through some eyes Brutes is a villain. On the other hand the majority see him as a savior of Rome and he truly believes that what he has done to Caesar and those close to Caesar is for the better of the people. It is clear what Brutes goal is and as we learn he is setting out to accomplish that goal. It seems to be a fairly straight forward but it is not told to the reader that Brutes seems to be a good representation of the roman people. This means that he is a favorite throughout Rome.In Career's final words â€Å"Et u, Brute! Then fall Caesar! † (Shakespeare In 77 act 3 sin 1) shows that even though Brutes is the killer of Caesar, Caesar trusted Brutes. Caesar is a good repre sentation of Rome and what most think of Brutes. With this power Cassias uses Brutes to help leave an opening in Caesar spot. Some may think that by killing Caesar this makes Brutes a hero but as we know the killing of Caesar does not please everyone in Rome. Brutes is a well known and loved man in Rome and the fact that he kills Caesar brings out a naive side of him.Cassias uses Brutes to open up a spot for himself. Brutes does not see that this is what Cassias is doing and is suddenly in a spot he might not have originally been in if it wasn't for Cassias. The murder of Caesar brings out the corruption of Rome and suddenly turns to battle with Rome torn. â€Å"Defiance, traitors, hurl we in your teeth: If you dare fight to-day, come to the field† (Shakespeare In 65-66 act 5 sin 1). This shows how Brutes killing of Caesar seemed to be good but after all raised more chaos than Intended, therefore making him a tragic hero.In the paragraphs above it Is clear that Brutes Is not a Hero nor a villain but a tragic ere. The definition of a tragic hero Is a great or virtuous character In a dramatic tragedy that Is destined for downfall. Brutes Is a powerful man but seems to be a little naive about where he stands In Rome and who he stands for or with. Brutes seems to do a lot for the roman people, and putting them In front of himself. Lastly not all that Brutes does Is good for everyone making him not a true hero. This explains why Brutes is caught in the middle of hero and villain. Say Julius creaser brutes villain or hero By battlefronts neighbors cat out of the tree. Throughout the play it is also safe to say Brutes is not that leads him to â€Å"victory'. In the play the characteristic of tragic hero easily connect to Brutes making it very easy to demonstrate why that is the best title for Brutes. It is safe to say Brutes is not a hero from head to toe. Some of his acts inflict tragedy on others and inflict pain on him self. Brutes causes much pain to peop le close to Caesar such as California and Antonym â€Å"O mighty Caesar! Dost thou lie so low? Are all leave an opening in Career's spot.Some may think that by killing Caesar this makes after all raised more chaos than intended, therefore making him a tragic hero. In the paragraphs above it is clear that Brutes is not a Hero nor a villain but a tragic hero. The definition of a tragic hero is a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy that is destined for downfall. Brutes is a powerful man but seems to be a little naive about where he stands in Rome and who he stands for or with. Brutes seems to do a lot for the roman people, and putting them in front of himself. Lastly not all that Brutes does is good for everyone making him not a true hero. This

Demand Curve and Supply Curve Essay

Demand and supply have been generalized to explain macroeconomic variables in a market economy. The Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply model is the most direct application of supply and demand to macroeconomics. Compared to microeconomic uses of demand and supply, different theoretical considerations apply to such macroeconomic counterparts as aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The AD-AS or Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply model is a macroeconomic model that explains price level and output through the relationship of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. It is based on the theory of John Maynard Keynes presented in his work â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money†. It is one of the primary simplified representations in the modern field of macroeconomics and is used by a broad array of economists, from libertarian, monetarist supporters of laissez-faire, such as Milton Friedman to Post-Keynesian supporters of economic interventionism, such as Joan Robinson. Brief history of demand curve and supply curve According to Hamid S.  Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim economists, such as Ibn Taymiyyah who illustrates- â€Å"If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases, its price rises. On the other hand, if availability of the good increases and the desire for it decreases, the price comes down†. In 1691, John Locke worked on some considerations of the consequences of the lowering of interest and the raising of the value of money. It includes an early and clear description of supply and demand and their relationship. In this description demand is rent: â€Å"The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and sellers† and â€Å"that which regulates the price of goods is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent. † The phrase â€Å"supply and demand† was first used by James Denham-Steuart in his Inquiry into the â€Å"Principles of Political Oeconomy† which was published in 1767. Adam Smith used the phrase in his book â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† (1776) and David Ricardo titled one chapter of his work â€Å"Principles of Political Economy and Taxation† (1817) On the Influence of Demand and Supply on Price. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith generally assumed that the supply price was fixed but that its value would decrease as its â€Å"scarcity† increased, in effect what was later called the law of demand also. Ricardo, in Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, more rigorously laid down the idea of the assumptions that were used to build his ideas of supply and demand. Antoine Augustin Cournot first developed a mathematical model of supply and demand in his 1838 Researches into the Mathematical Principles of Wealth including diagrams. In1870, Fleeming Jenkin in the course of â€Å"Introducing the diagrammatic method into the English economic literature† published the first drawing of supply and demand curves including comparative statics from a shift of supply or demand and application to the labor market. The model was further developed and popularized by Alfred Marshall in the textbook â€Å"Principles of Economics† (1890). The Standard demand curve and the aggregate demand curve The standard demand curve represents the quantity of a good that a consumer will buy at a given price, holding all else constant. For example, consumer A might buy zero oranges at $1 each, one orange at 75 cents each, and two at 50 cents each, while consumer B might buy one at $1, two at 75 cents, and three at 50 cents. When charted on a grid with price on the vertical axis and quantity purchased on the horizontal axis, these points form the individual demand curves for consumers A and B. The aggregate demand curve represents the total quantity of all goods (and services) demanded by the economy at different price levels. An example of an aggregate demand curve is given in Figure 1. The vertical axis represents the price level of all final goods and services. The aggregate price level is measured by either the GDP deflator or the CPI. The horizontal axis represents the real quantity of all goods and services purchased as measured by the level of real GDP. Notice that the aggregate demand curve, AD, like the demand curves for individual goods, is downward sloping, implying that there is an inverse relationship between the price level and the quantity demanded of real GDP. The standard supply curve and the aggregate supply curve The standard supply curve is a graph showing the relationships between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. The supply curve slopes upward because other things equal, a higher price means a greater quantity supplied. The aggregate supply curve shows the relationship between the price level and the quantity of goods and services supplied in an economy. The equation for the upward sloping aggregate supply curve, in the short run, is Y = Ynatural + a (P – Pexpected). In this equation, Y is output, Ynatural is the natural rate of output that exists when all productive factors are used at their normal rates, â€Å"a† is a constant greater than zero, P is the price level, and Pexpected is the expected price level. This equation holds only in the short run because in the long run the aggregate supply curve is a vertical line, as output is dictated by the factors of production alone. An aggregate supply curve is shown in Figure 2. The aggregate supply curve equation means that output deviates from the natural rate of output when the price level deviates from the expected price level. The constant, a, shows how much output changes due to unexpected deviation in the price level. The slope of the aggregate supply curve is (1/a) which depicts the short-run aggregate supply curve and the long- run aggregate supply curve. The vertical axis is the price level. The horizontal axis is output or income. The short-run aggregate supply curve is downward sloping with slope equal to (1/a) while the long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical with no slope. The reason that the short-term aggregate supply curve is upward sloping is a bit more complex. Factors that determine the slope of AD-AS curve model The slope of AD curve reflects the extent to which the real balances change the equilibrium level of spending, taking both assets and goods markets into consideration. An increase in real balances will lead to a larger increase in equilibrium income and spending, the smaller the interest responsiveness of money demand and the higher the interest responsiveness of investment demand. An increase in real balances leads to a larger level of income and spending, the larger the value of multiplier and the smaller the income response of money demand. This implies that the AD curve is flatter, smaller is the interest responsiveness of the demand for money and larger is the interest responsiveness of investment demand. Also, the AD curve is flatter; the larger is the multiplier and the smaller the income responsiveness of the demand for money. We know that aggregate demand is comprised of C(Y – T) + I(r) + G + NX(e) = Y. Thus, a decrease in any one of these terms will lead to a shift in the aggregate demand curve to the left. The first term that will lead to a shift in the aggregate demand curve is C(Y – T). This term states that consumption is a function of disposable income. If disposable income decreases, consumption will also decrease. There are many ways that consumption can decrease. An increase in taxes would have this effect. Similarly, a decrease in income–holding taxes stable–would also have this effect. Finally, a decrease in the marginal propensity to consume or an increase in the savings rate would also decrease consumption. The second term that will lead to a shift in the aggregate demand curve is I(r). This term states that investment is a function of the interest rate. If the interest rate increases, investment falls as the cost of investment rises. There are a number of ways that investment can fall. If the interest rate rises, say due to contractionary monetary or fiscal policy, investment will fall. Similarly, in the short run, expansionary fiscal policy will also cause investment to fall as crowding out occurs. Another interesting cause of a fall in investment is an exogenous decrease in investment spending. This occurs when firms simply decide to invest less without regard for the interest rate. The term variable that will lead to a shift in the aggregate demand curve is G. This term captures the whole of government spending. The only way that government spending is changed is through fiscal policy. Recall that the budgetary debate is an ongoing political battlefield. Thus, government spending tends to change regularly. When government spending decreases, regardless of tax policy, aggregate demand decrease, thus shifting to the left. The fourth term that will lead to a shift in the aggregate demand curve is NX(e). This term means that net exports, defined as exports less imports, is a function of the real exchange rate. As the real exchange rate rises, the dollar becomes stronger, causing imports to rise and exports to fall. Thus, policies that raise the real exchange rate though the interest rate will cause net exports to fall and the aggregate demand curve to shift left. Again, an exogenous decrease in the demand for exported goods or an exogenous increase in the demand for imported goods will also cause the aggregate demand curve to shift left as net exports fall. An example of this type of exogenous shift would be a change in tastes or preferences. The aggregate demand curve also can shift right as the economy expands. When the aggregate demand curve shifts right, the quantity of output demanded for a given price level rises. Therefore, a shift of the aggregate demand curve to the right represents an economic expansion. A shift of the aggregate demand curve to the right is simply affected by the opposite conditions that cause it to shift to the left. A change in one or more of the following determinants of aggregate supply will shift the aggregate supply curve in the short run. – Change in the input prices (domestic or imported resources price), change in productivity, change in legal institutional environment (business taxes and government regulation). An increase in short-run aggregate supply will shift the curve rightward; a decrease will shift the curve leftward. The long run aggregate supply curve is vertical. Similarities between the Ad-AS curve model and the standard demand-supply curve model The conventional â€Å"aggregate supply and demand† model is actually a Keynesian visualization that has come to be a widely accepted image of the theory. The Classical supply and demand model, which is largely based on Say’s Law, or that supply creates its own demand depicts the aggregate supply curve as being vertical at all times. The both demand curve and the aggregate demand curve is negatively sloped from left to right and both curves represent the law of demand. The short-run aggregate supply curve or SRAS curve has similarities the standard supply curve. Both are positively sloped. Both curves relate price and quantity. Differences between the Ad-AS curve model and the standard demand-supply curve model In aggregate demand curve, there is no substitute effect because we cannot substitute all goods. But in standard demand curve it exists. The aggregate demand curve has no income effect because a lower price level actually means less nominal income for the resource suppliers’ e. g. lower wages, rents, interests, and profits. But in standard demand curve it exists. The major differences between the standard supply curve and the aggregate supply curve are as follows- for the market supply curve, the vertical axis measures supply price and the horizontal axis measures quantity supplied. For the short-run aggregate supply curve, however, the vertical axis measures the price level (GDP price deflator) and the horizontal axis measures real production (real GDP). The positive slope of the market curve reflects the law of supply and is attributable to the law of diminishing marginal returns. In contrast, the positive slope of the short-run aggregate supply curve is attributable to: (1) inflexible resource prices that often makes it easier to reduce aggregate real production and resource employment when the price level falls, (2) the pool of natural unemployment, consisting of frictional and structural unemployment, that can be used temporarily to increase aggregate real production when the price level rises and (3) imbalances in the purchasing power of resource prices that can temporarily entice resource owners to produce more or less aggregate real production than they would at full employment. Conclusion Whereas the standard supply and demand curve model discusses on individuals, the aggregate supply and demand curve model works with the whole economy. This model is built on the assumption that prices are sticky in the short run and flexible in the long run. This model also highlights the role of monetary policy. This model shows how shocks to the economy cause output to deviate temporarily from the level implied by the standard model. By this model, we can observe the economy more efficiently than before.

Loss of a Father essays

Loss of a Father essays Danny, all I had to do was say his name and peoples faces would light up, thats the kind of person my Dad was. He was the life of a party, I could not have asked for a more loving and caring Father. Unfortunately, my time with him was cut short when he died when I was only eight years old. Looking back on my life, the night my Dad got sick, the seven months he spent in the hospital, and his death, have all had a tremendous impact on the way that I live my life. I remember the night that started it all like it was yesterday. It was a couple of days after my brothers sixth birthday, and my whole family was sitting in the living room watching TV. As soon as a commercial came on I went into my room to try on new earrings that I had just received. Immediately after I get them in, my brother comes running into my room telling me that Dad is going to go to the hospital. I can remember brushing him off, something like this could never happen to me, I thought. Finally, just to be sure, I followed him into the living room where my Dad was laying in the sofa with an ice pack on his head and my neighbor was calling 911. I was in disbelief, and wanted to do everything that I could do to help so I went and waved down the ambulance. That was the last night that I talked to my Dad, the last time we would all sit down and watch TV as a family, like we had done every night before. For the next, and last seven months of my Dads life, he was laying in a bed, lifeless, in a comma. We would go across the lake to visit him almost every day, and I can remember how happy he would get when he saw his kids. It scared me to see him lying there unable to talk, because my dad always had something to say. After a while, he was able to blink his eyes or squeeze your hand to answer yes or no. I can remember going to school and my friends telling me that there moms said that if my dad lived that we would be paralyzed. ...

History Of An Ethical Dilemma Social Work Essay Essay Example

History Of An Ethical Dilemma Social Work Essay Essay Example History Of An Ethical Dilemma Social Work Essay Essay History Of An Ethical Dilemma Social Work Essay Essay I would be lying to Raj and bewraying her trust and their relationship is this information was disclosed to a 3rd party ( Welfel, 2006 ) . However, while in instances of kid protection informed consent is non required due to holding a statutory responsibility to describe, I can be honorable and unfastened with Raj about what I plan on making to guarantee congruity and keep the curative relationship. There are many possible struggles between ethical rules and the jurisprudence. The jurisprudence states confidentiality must be abided so long as no 1 is at injury, nevertheless the BACP ethical rules of justness and self-respect guarantee that non merely does the professional consider the clients best involvement, without doing injury to themselves. However, by adhering to confidentiality about something I am morally against I would non be suitably using the ethical rules as entitlements for myself. While I have a chief duty to maintain Raj from injury, I besides must see the Aarons right for safety. While Raj has a human right to pick, I have an ethical and professional duty to guarantee I provide Raj with necessary information to guarantee the determination made is the best possible determination for Raj and Aaron and would do the least injury. By go toing clinical supervising and line direction supervising I will be able to have counsel on covering with quandary, derive a differing position on the state of affairs. Reflection will besides assist me understand the state of affairs more clearly. Fidelity I have established an effectual remedy relationship based on trust, congruity, safety, UPR and heat with Raj. It would be untrusty of me to transgress confidentiality as Raj trusts me. However as I am required by the BACP and administration to describe kid protection, I will necessitate to be honest with Raj and explain that I will necessitate to describe the incident nevertheless it would be better if she gave her consent and explicating why this affair needs to be reported. Autonomy Throughout the guidance procedure, I have valued Raj s liberty through pick and offering power to do determinations within therapy. I must esteem her determination by maintaining her stuff confidential and her right to be autonomous and do picks independently without hinderance ( Gillon, 1985 ) . However by assisting Raj see the state of affairs and effects exhaustively, through all positions, she will be able to do an informed determination. By deriving informed consent I will be staying by BACP guidelines every bit good as esteeming my client s right to pick and accurate information and being client-centred. By explicating my ethical duties in the catching procedure and repeating this and my demands in safeguarding kids when Raj made the revelation, I am informing her of foreseeable struggles every bit shortly as possible. Beneficence Raj is vulnerable, baffled, frightened and hard-pressed, therefore is it non certain if she is able to recognize her best involvement. She may non be moving rationally due to her fright of her ex-husband and concern over her boy. By explicating why it would be in her best involvements and Aarons best involvements to unwrap child maltreatment, I am demoing a committedness to advancing her wellbeing every bit good as being concrete and honest. Non-maleficence The action that would do the least sum of injury to Raj is to do the safeguarding qui vive without unwraping where I gained the information. While this will restrict the action societal services can take against her hubby and to protect her boy, it will guarantee that her hubby will non happen out that she or Aaron disclosed the maltreatment. If I was to non do the safeguarding qui vive, Raj would stay hard-pressed and fearing for her boy s safety which would do her farther emotional injury. Justice Raj has human rights to freedom and pick over her determination and the support she receives and the right to esteem for private and household life, nevertheless she and Aaron have a right to prohibition of anguish. The fairest determination for both Raj and Aaron is to do the safeguarding qui vive with informed consent. By honoring her right to information I am being fair by helping her to do an informed determination. I am besides being just to myself in staying by BACP moralss, the jurisprudence and organizational policies. Self-Respect I am being asked to travel against my ain beliefs and ethical motives every bit good statutory jurisprudence and BACP ethical guidelines, therefore conflicting with my right to beneficence, liberty, non-maleficence, justness and my human rights. BACP province informed consent should be sought before transgressing confidentiality, nevertheless the administrations policies province that clients do non necessitate to be informed when transgressing confidentiality for kid protection affairs, which would be dishonest of me and impact the curative relationship. This causes struggles within what is being asked of me, professionally, ethically, lawfully and morally what I feel is right. To work through these struggles I attended clinical supervising and discussed the quandary with my line director. Possible Courses of Action As a member of the BACP I am required to keep assurance at Raj s petition. By supplying a principle as to why confidentiality needs to be breached, I could work within the boundaries of my occupation and BACP ethical guidelines by assisting Raj to understand that this revelation would help in guaranting Aarons safety in the hereafter as processs would be put into topographic point to forestall farther injury to Aaron and a safety program can be formed to guarantee Raj is safe from injury from her ex-husband. I could explicate to her that when I make the revelation to societal services, I do nt hold to unwrap her personal inside informations and she can stay anon. therefore her ex-husband will non cognize that she has reported the incident. I can besides explicate to societal services that Aaron is at hazard of farther injury so processs will be put into topographic point to protect him should the incident be investigated. This will hopefully set Raj at easiness. Raj would necessitate to give written informed consent for me to portion her information with a 3rd party ( Welfel, 2006 ) , supplying she is to the full informed of all the facts to do that pick ( Gerch and Dhomhnaill ( 2005 ) . This would guarantee I am staying by the Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) . By giving a principle, offering a different position and accurate and necessary information, Raj will be able to do an informed determination. Raj is more likely to give me informed consent to do the revelation if I show her that she can swear me to see her best involvements and guarantee her safety every bit far as possible. I will let Raj clip to do up her head, and inquire inquiries to guarantee she does non experience pressured ( McLeod, 2010 ) . The other option is to transgress confidentiality without Raj s consent as a kid is at hazard of injury. This would intend the revelation could be made Oklahoman as I would non necessitate to talk to Raj therefore action to guarantee Aaron s safety could be taken Oklahoman. However, in making so I will damage the curative relationship, interrupting her trust and doing more psychological injury as she I would so be another individual in her life whom she trusted but allow her down, which will so do her more vulnerable and do trust issues within future relationships. Furthermore, Raj could take legal action against me or the administration ( Jenkins, 2007 ) . By taking this class of action I will be traveling against BACP ethical guidelines, the administrations ethos and my ain values and ethical motives as an integrative practician every bit good as safeguarding statute laws. To guarantee Raj s safety I still could maintain Raj s personal inside informations confidential when doing th e safeguarding qui vive. Course of Action Having referred to the Children s Act ( 1989, 2004 ) and it s back uping counsel for safeguarding kids ( HM Government, 2006, 2010 ) . I will explicate to Raj that due to ethical guidelines, the administrations policies sing kid protection and statutory and common jurisprudence every bit good as my moral responsibility of attention towards Aaron, I need to transgress confidentiality as stated in the guidance contract. I will explicate to her that this safeguarding qui vive will help in guaranting her boy s safety in the hereafter as there will be a record made and that societal services will make whatever they can to forestall farther injury to Aaron. I will explicate to Raj that when I raise this qui vive to societal services, if she prefers, I will non unwrap her personal inside informations, I will keep her namelessness in conformity to the information protection act ( 1998 ) ( Jenkins, 2007 ) and I will non unwrap where I got this information from therefore her hubby will non cog nize that she has reported the incident. However I will besides explicate to Raj that should she give me permission to unwrap where I got this information from it will be farther aid as the more grounds I can supply, the better opportunity there is of societal services moving upon the revelation. I will explicate that this is wholly her pick and I will esteem whatever determination she make, but I am professionally, ethically and lawfully required to transgress confidentiality, therefore enabling her to do an informed pick. Thus Raj would experience more confident and knowing about her determination and she will hold a pick in her determination ( BMAED, 2004, pp. 74 ) , therefore esteeming her liberty and Human Rights ( Bond, 2010 ) . I will besides explicate that due to my regard for Raj I would wish her permission to do this revelation and to hold upon what information will be shared every bit good as staying by BACP guidelines and the jurisprudence. By explicating to Raj why this action must be taken, how I will guarantee her and Aarons safety is maintained every bit much as possible and explicating each measure I will take and the information to be shared, I am demoing Raj that I value her and her sentiment, I have her best involvements at bosom and that protecting Aaron and keeping her safety is cardinal within the work that I am making. Ultimately I am representing she can swear me and supplying her with a safe environment, free from penalty. By besides offering alternate positions such as explicating the possible effects of non doing the safeguarding qui vive would besides let Raj to do an informed pick ( BACP, 2010 ) . It is of import that I am honest with Raj and that I give her the necessary information as this would represent fidelity, client liberty, regard, and equality. I will reassure Raj that I will back up her, listen to her and that as an Asiatic counselor I can understand her concerns sing household honor and confidentiality therefore I will keep her namelessness it she feels that it what she wants to make. By taking this class of action I show that I have considered catholicity, promotion and justness ( Bond, 2010, Gabriel and Casemore, 2010 ) and the ethical, legal and professional deductions, whereby I am staying by the BACP ethical model, the administrations policies on kid protection and statutory jurisprudence sing informations protection, confidentiality, and kid protection and safeguarding vulnerable grownups. Furthermore, I have considered the effects of this action within supervising, sing the consequence on the curative relationship, my ain rights and legal deductions if informed consent is non sought. Evaluation of the result The result was that after the 4th session, with informed consent I made a safeguarding qui vive whilst besides keeping Raj s namelessness, which led to societal services look intoing on Aaron and a record being made. Raj attended a farther where she reflected upon her curative advancement, her self-esteem and shared her determination to use for exclusive detention of Aaron. I would take this action once more for other clients and feel I made the right determination as I was honest, gave the necessary information, respected Raj s liberty, beneficence, maleficence and ensured that the determination was just for everyone involved, prevented farther injury to Raj, Aaron and abided by ethical and legal guidelines ( Bond, 2010, Gabriel and Casemore, 2010 ) . Furthermore, I considered the client s civilization and presenting issues which were relevant to guaranting her safety. Over all, I promoted the clients well-being and protected her from injury. Curative Relationship When clients are able to see us as truly concerned for them, that we are non seting on a professional facade, they will experience safe with us because we are dependable ( Merry, 2002 ) . By being honest about what I was meaning to make and explicating I was congruous yet mindful of the client s frame of mention and experience I highlighted I was sincere in offering aid. Beyond the physical cicatrixs, domestic force has profound effects on a adult females s dignity. Lewis ( 2003 ) stated an abused adult female needs to recover power and control over her life by doing independent picks and determinations. Carl Rogers ( 1951 ) highlighted that we all have the capacity to be to the full working if our power is given acknowledgment. Through a client centred attack based on regard, credence and pick, I helped Raj to recognize her worth and power within the curative relationship and therefore authorising her. Roger s nucleus conditions ( 1951 ) promote adult females to develop power from inside them in order to achieve improved self-awareness and to take control. Therefore by leting Raj to take control over what was go oning in therapy, I was assisting her become independent, and take control over the picks she wanted in life, whilst besides protecting her from injury and understanding her cultural demands through empathy and UPR. The addition in self-este em would enable farther self-awareness, which would subsequently assist accomplish successful therapy outcomes from alterations in personality and behavior ( Rogers, 1951 ) . These points highlight that I had provided a good quality of attention and maintained a good curative relationship ( BACP, 2010 ) . It must be considered, it is due to the effectual relationship that Raj felt comfy to do the revelation and through offering her power and liberty and being honest, she felt comfy with giving her consent as I was able to represent that her and Aaron s safety was paramount.