View on Death Essay Example for Free

View on Death EssayVictor Cicirelli filled in the search gap between the areas of gerontology, thanatology, and psychology by conducting a look on the one-time(a) persons view on stopping point and expiry. He published the results of his research in the books titled Older Adults Views on Death for the readers to be enlightened and to understand how older adults perceptions of shoemakers last affect their end-of-life decisions. The research gap based from his canvas of related studies was in the field of thanatology, a branch of learning concerned with finale and its dimensions, nitty-grittys, and associations. His area of research foc employ on the thoughts, facial expressions, and attitudes of older persons in coincidence to demise. Cicirelli conducted an empirical study of 109 adults of ages 70 years and older in a community in central Indiana. The population sample was composed of more unclouded tribe than the African-American citizens in Indiana. Sixteen of the participants were male and the remaining were women. This group was further categorized into five age groups, and by training, socioeconomic status, marital status, employment, and occupational level.He to a fault subdivided the white participants into high and low socioeconomic status groups in order to identify a group similar in education and occupational level to the African-Americans participating in the study. The goal of the research was to identify the variables that affected their views in death. The first phase of Cicirellis data gathering use validated instruments and quantitative analysis to relate results to demographic and contextual variables. To get more insights from the older adults, open-ended interviews were conducted.The data analysis using qualitative techniques used to identify research themes and further relate them to the gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of the sample population. Using a creative mix of quantitative interviews with structured res ponse categories as well as open-ended qualitative 32476179_View on Death rapscallion 2 interviews, which allowed the respondents to speak in their own words, Cicirelli forms a web of data, which strengthens his study and adds spacious flesh to the findings.Cicirelli adapted the available and present scales, or developed ones based used in the review of related studies, and quantified the three groups of nonions as the foci of the study. First, apprehension and refer of passing away, is the anxiety experienced in daily life caused by the anticipation of the state in which one is dead (Cicirelli, 2002). Four dimensions utilized this depression business concern of the dying fulfil, worry of being destroyed, cultism of the unknown region, and fear for considerable others.Second, contemplations of the dying process scrutinize matters that a person in the last stages of a terminal illness might have (Cicirelli, 2002), particularly the feelings of dying they would be expecting to experience if they were in the infirmary with terminal cancer and had five more eld to live. Third, the separate adults connotation of bereavement are primarily cognitive interpretations of objects and events in the environment and occur prior to and serve as stimuli for emotional reactions (Cicirelli, 2002).These hypotheses include 4 multi-item subordinate scales (death as afterlife, as legacy, as extinction, and as motivator). In his first and indorsement major concern in Older Adults Views on Death, Cicirelli found a wide range of attitudes toward fear of death, including having little fear of death and dying, to having considerable fear. Most of the citizens have experienced anxiety and worry about their end. People were also worried about the pain, process, dependence, and the unknown dimension death whitethorn bring. The fear of death is the inescapable factor in life.Most of the populace feared death and the dying process because they were anticipating the end-of-life. As a consequence, it brings anxiety to a person. Another factor that contri merelyed to the two notions of Cicirelli was the age variations of the participants. On the contrary, the research 32476179_View on Death Page 3 showed that the fear of death and dying process may hit the highest point in the early 80s and the potential greater chances of the acceptance of death in an older person approaches 90 years of age.Unexpectedly, the research participants did not account particular fears of the dying process itself. Many people in this study masterm to see death as a quick, painless process, although it is not unusual for these same persons to have knowledge and experience of deaths of close persons whose dying was likely to have been drawn-out and painful. The older persons preferred to view the dying process as a metaphor sleep, that leads to a denial of the process itself. Cicirelli also speculated that their refutation is a process older adults may employ in foreseeing death.Ther e appeared to be inadequately existing thought given to planning and preparations for the dying process itself. Cicirelli deduced his first and second assumptions that the research participants seemed unrealistic in regards to death and dying process. However, what was more realistic was their worry of being destroyed and the fear of the considerate others. The notion was reinforced when the research participants said they do not emergency others with them when they die.Family relationships and close friendships remain meaningful to the end of life, and feelings of closeness to living family members, and the number of family members preceding an individual in death seem to be important factors related to older adults views of death. They do not want these important people in their lives to see how they die. He comments that older adults may need to be educated about the dying process so that they develop more realistic plans. The third notion of Cicirelli focused on the meanings of death on older people.The author touched on the meanings of different types of death, such as that caused by war, murder, accidents, catastrophes, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and disease. Open-ended 32476179_View on Death Page 4 interviews and sentence completion tasks was developed in which personal meanings for death could include (1) death as legacy, (2) as afterlife, (3) as extinction, and (4) as a motivator. All quatern of these meanings for death were affirmed in varying degrees, and while some differences by age category were found in the strength of the results, the idea of death as relating to an afterlife and contemporary life was confirmed.The derivation of personal meanings involved questions about lifespan expectations, what a person would do given more time than expected, whether they would want to live forever given perfect health and freedom from financial pressures, and whether they thought about death as it came nearer. Cicirelli construed that most people do n ot desire infinite life, and death as an afterlife was the most meaningful of the four factors explored in the qualitative instrument he developed. Death as meaning a loss of physical function, loss of personal relationships, and offering release from lifes troubles were concepts also found to be meaningful.Aside from his major foci in the book, Cicirelli has suggested quite a few areas for future research that are compelling religion and peoples attachment to God, and the financial concerns and terminal care. What are super clear from Cicirellis Older Adults Views on Death is that older adults perceptions of death, the dying process, and their fears of death are highly variable and influenced by many factors such as human relationships, happenings in life, and age. The wealth of data the book it provided the readers generated different feelings and thoughts as to death and the valuation of life.The personal goals, expectations, and the meaning of the future in the context of Cicir elli became the sources of reactions and sentiments to the quantify of death and how to live life to the fullest. 32476179_View on Death Page 5 Fear creates various strings of feelings that were attached to the community. They express fear of pain, fear of sorrow, fear of disease flare-ups, fear of death or disfigurement, fear of different drugs and their side effects afterwards, and other fears that kept on creeping in the veins. Fear is a normative action in response to lifes ups and downs.It is a component that completes the existence of human beings as a part of the community. In effect, the branches of fear that connects us to one another regardless of the different age groups played a vital role in the views of elder people on death. non only older people are affected by the fear of death and the dying process but also the younger age groups in the community. The awful fear of death comes to every person and haunts the society until the end-of-life happens. The sudden remova l of fear especially the fear of death and the dying process in the research participants was a surprise and created an uncomfortable feeling.People think that fear of death is absent because it rarely shows its true face. It is concealed in the faith an individual hasmay it be a faith in God or a faith in destiny. The fear of death is a normal considerateness in life. Yet, the research participants were not bothered and overpowered by the fear itself coming to their lives. The astonishment with the strong faith these people have in the midst of uncertainty, and of the unknown became a concealment of the human nature. On the other hand, what was there to fear about if dying was a normal incident in life? trouble is linked with the satisfaction and the perception of life.The thought of death as an unavoidable event in our existence created a lighter feeling of joy. The fear of death enslaved the mind that can deteriorate the quality of life a person can have. The fear of death is w orst than death itself. It molded a restrict world full of worries and tension. The elimination of anxieties due to the fear of death and the dying process gives a light of hope to continue 32476179_View on Death Page 6 living life to the fullest. The positive outlook of the research participants transformed the negative astonishment and uncomfortable emotion into a favorable and joyous feeling.Hence, the healthy things in life would be more cherished without the interference of sorrow and fear that abridge pleasures and memorable experiences. However, the moment of joy was tainted with a feeling of disappointment regarding the view of death. It arose when the persons view of death became was anchored on the encounters and happenings in life. People sometimes have an unrealistic view of death, thinking that any(prenominal) happened to a friend or a family member would also happen to them. Some salient aspects of the context referred to the past experiences potential to affect the attitudes and perceptions towards their own death and dying.The experience may vary from the loss of dignity in death to the inevitable decay of the bodily material that was imprinted on the memory. People come improvident of realizing that there are numerous causes of deaths. It does not follow and guarantee an individual that what happened to your friend or parent would also happen to you. It is frustrating to know that people compare their own lives with others, even in the process of death. It is not the fear of death that was dreaded but the loss of life and the opportunities that come with it.The book consisted of snappy ideas that generated the impression of leaving your fears behind and cherishing every moment in your life. Even as a young adult, the book inspired the readers not to be too consumed on the thought of death. There are many things to enjoy and to contemplate about death. Every person has different and unique encounters. Life must not be preempted and expecte d as how other people experience life incidences. 32476179_View on Death Page 7 It may be that fleeting or sporadic thoughts of dying and death have the power to maximize the value of life.Acceptance of death may be associated with increased meaning and satisfactions with living . To be adamantly discerning on the mortality of persons is to present an unsettling challenge to completely understand human nature. Thus, the book was not only about death but also the prevailing transitory of human nature and their way of life people were too much consumed of repression, comparison, and expectations on death that they failed to understand the human existence. extension serviceCicirelli, V. G. (2002). Older Adults views on death. New York Springer Publishing.

The Zika Virus (ZV): Causes and Features

The Zika Virus (ZV) Causes and FeaturesThe Zika Virus (ZV) is a mosquito-borne flavicomputer virus that is transmitted by genus Aedes species, specifically A. aegypti, afri thunder mugus, and the albopictus mosquitoes.1,2,3 ZV has recently gained global concern as recent outbreaks sire occurred in the Americas. However, the virus was first isolated in 1947 from a macaque mon tonality in the Zika forest located in Uganda. The virus migrated to the Southeast Asiatic countries in 1945 the first human exercise was account in Nigeria in 1952.Multiple epidemics stimulate been reported since its first reported episode in 1952. The first large scale outbreak occurred on Yap Island, Micronesia in 2007. surrounded by April and July 2007, at that place were 49 confirmed and 59 probable cases of the ZV infection.4 During this time, no deaths were reported. Of the 6,982 Yap Island residents that were at least three years of age, 5,005 (roughly 73%) were estimated to be infected with ZV du ring this outbreak.4The second major(ip) outbreak occurred in the French Polynesia between October 2013 and February 2014. As of February 14, 2014, 8,510 suspected cases were reported.5 The largest and current outbreak in the Americas began in Brazil. Brazils first reported locally transmitted case in Brazil occurred May 2015. The ZV entry into Brazil is not clear however, it is proposed that travelers from ZV-infected atomic number 18as of Chile, Asia, and Africa brought it during 2014 sporting events. This outbreak brought ZV back into the news as many athletes became weary of assure ZV while participating in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. Based on rates of a indicationatic infection, an estimated 500,000 to 1.5 million people in Brazil were affected with ZV.6 As of January 18, 2017, in that location be 738,783 confirmed cases, with the highest number of cases reported in Brazil, Columbia, and Venezuela.6 Mexico, Central America, the United States, and the Caribbean in cluding the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico reported confirmed cases of the virus. Regions outside of the Americas, specifically Singapore, Thailand, and Cape Verde reported confirmed cases of ZV.In January 2016, a traveler returning from Latin America to Texas reported the first U.S. case of ZV infection. As of March 22, 2017, more than 5,100 cases of ZV were reported.7 Of those reported, 4,861 cases were travel-related, 1,617 cases occurred in big(predicate) women, and 45 cases were knowledgeablely transmitted.8,9,10 The first case of transmission deep down the U.S. was in Florida. Those who were traveling to the U.S. from different affected atomic number 18nas reported many of the subsequent ZV cases. Every verbalise has reported laboratory-confirmed symptomatic ZV disease. Only Florida and Texas have reported local-transmission of ZV.9ZV is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. The Flaviviruses involve arboviruses that atomic number 18 transmitted through mosq uitoes to humans. Ranging from 40-50 nm in diameter, the Flaviviruses are positive-sense and single-stranded ribonucleic acid. The ZV is an icosahedral capsid enveloped virus. Several bantam proteins surround the RNA genome the capsid proteins cover the core, creating its icosahedral shape. The lipid bilayer envelope tissue layer contains both the membrane and the envelope proteins, which are glycosylated in many flaviviruses.11Vectors, broadly speaking mosquitoes, are infected when they feed on viremic hosts. Humans are generally the accidental hosts. The mosquitoes pass on contact a blood meal from an infected host and transmit it to an other(a) individual. In the U.S., these mosquito vectors are isolated to the southeastern states. Aerosols or contaminated food products send packing also transmit Flaviviruses however, this only occurs under certain circumstances. Other diseases associated with Flaviviruses include Japanese encephalitis, yellow pyrexia, dengue fever, chikungu nya fever, and hemorrhagic fever.ZV is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that infects their vectors after ingestion of a blood meal from aviremic non-human vertebrate. Some arthropods contribute be infected by saliva-infected transmission. The arthropod vectors develop chronic systemic infections as the virus will penetrate the intestine and spread to the salivary glands. This dissemination to the salivary glands is known as extrinsic incubation, which lasts about 1-3 weeks in mosquitoes.12 The mosquito is not harmed by the infection.The ZV pathogen has two lineages that are based on phylogenetic anal retentiveysis of viral envelope proteins13 the African and Asian lineages. The African lineage is generally restricted to the African countries of Central African Republic, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Uganda. The Asian lineage seems to be the strand that has been seen in recent outbreaks. This lineage has been circulating in the Southeast Asian countries since the 1950s, in Fren ch Polynesia in 2013, and the Americas in 2015.ZV is primarily transmitted by a bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Humans are the likely main reservoirs however, during outbreaks, human-to-vector-to-human transmission is common. Other modes of transmission of ZV are sexual transmission and maternal-fetal transmission during pregnancy. The estimated reproduction number of ZV infection during the Columbia epidemic in 2015-2016 ranged 2.2-14.8.14 During the Yap Island and French Polynesia epidemics, the estimated reproduction number ranged 4.3-5.815, that is comparable to dengue and chikungunya fevers, which are from the same family as ZV.Various sexual transmission has been reported multiple cases of male to female transmission in the U.S. between January-April 201615, one case of male-to-male anal intercourse17, one case of female-to-male transmission18, and an asymptomatic case of male-to- female transmission.19 The duration of ZV RNA persistence in semen has been monitored to det ermine the degree of ZV infectivity. Detection of the viral RNA in semen was found up to 188 days after symptom onslaught in an Italian man who contracted ZV infection while traveling in Haiti.20 Additionally, it was found that ZV was found in semen up to 92 days after the illness onset.21Various reports regarding vaginal secretions and bodily fluids have been monitored for ZV infectivity as well. Viral RNA in vaginal secretions were found up to 14 days after symptom onset.22 Viral RNA has been detected in pee and saliva in 54 days and serum up to 67 days.23 These findings were monitored in an infant whose mother displayed ZV infection symptoms during week 26 of her pregnancy and time-tested positive for ZV after birth. No reports of ZV in other bodily fluids of the reproductive tracts, specifically the follicular fluid, have been identified. on that point are potential modes of transmission that have been explored and discussed. Blood transfusion or blood products and breast-fee ding have been linked to possible transmission.2 Viral RNA has been detected in the breast milk of those women who have been infected. There was a detection of ZV and viral RNA in breast milk collected 4 days postpartum from a woman who developed ZV symptoms during antenatal effect.24 Breast-feeding is not a confirmed route of transmission, as it has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. Kissing is not a confirmed route of transmission. However, one case of transmission was reported from an elderly patient with a high viral load to a family member who reported kissing and hugging an infected patient, however had no known direct contact with infected bodily fluids.25 Saliva, urine, and conjunctival fluid have been detected sources, but transmission has not been confirmed.The incubation period of the ZV is usually 3-12 days. About 75-80% of ZV infections are asymptomatic.1 If ZV becomes symptomatic, disease is generally mild. Common symptoms include rash, fever, joint pain (known as arthralgia), and conjunctivitis. Symptoms generally resolve within a week.Pathogenesis of the ZV is not well studied early data indicates that ZV will infect and replicate in dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells.26 Infected epidermal keratinocytes will undergo apoptotic cell death. The viral replication prompts an innate immune response. As a reply, type I interferons in infected cells are produced.The try factors that roll an individual at a greater risk for contracting ZV are those who live or travel to endemic or epidemic areas, mosquito exposure, and unprotected sexual contact with someone who has recently traveled to areas with active transmission. To determine if an individual is at risk, asking patients about travel history to ZV-infected areas, noting specific dates and location of travel, and discussing risk factors for transmission are important.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that ZV is a cause of micr ocephaly and other severe fatal neural defects, such as Guillain-Barr Syndrome. This is a complication associated with pregnancy. The CDC has determined this based on epidemiologic evidence showing an increase number of infants born with microcephaly during the French Polynesian and Brazilian outbreaks.3 Through cohort and case series studies, the CDC has found a cause and effect between the ZV and various brain defects, such as microcephaly, cerebral malformation, intracranial calcifications, neurologic dysfunction, and ophthalmologic abnormalities.3 Various studies have detected ZV in brain tissue of affected fetuses. Brain tissue was collected from infants with microcephaly who later died and in the placenta of mothers who suffered a miscarriage. As of result of these findings, the CDC has established two surveillance systems to monitor pregnancies and congenital outcomes in women with ZV infection The U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry and Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance agreement (ZAPSS) for women in Puerto Rico. Due to the CDC findings regarding malformations of embryos, ZV is considered teratogenic.Microcephaly is a common defect of infants that have contracted ZV from their mothers. Microcephaly is a condition where a baby is born with a smaller than normal head or the head stops growing after birth.27 Because thither is a delay in the growth of a head, there are neural developmental abnormalities. Babies born with microcephaly typically have physical and learning disabilities as they continue to grow and age.During ZV outbreaks, there was an increased incidence of microcephaly reported. During the 2013 French Polynesia outbreak, 8,750 suspected ZV cases were reported.28 Estimated risk of microcephaly reported 95 cases per 10,000 women who contracted ZV in the first trimester, while the baseline microcephaly prevalence for that area was two per 10,000 neonates.28 In 2015, an annual rate of microcephaly in Brazil increased from 5.7 cases per 100,000 live birth in 2014 to 99.7 cases per 100,000 in 2015.29For diagnosing ZV, polymerase chain reaction, specifically quantitative or qualitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered the gold standard. RT-PCR distinguishes ZV from other flaviviruses such as dengue and chikungunya fevers. This test can be performed on serum, urine, or blood however, serum and urine are commonly used.Sensitivity of RT-PCR can vary within 14 days of symptom onset. If symptoms are less than 14 days from onset, it is recommended that RT-PCR of urine or serum samples be performed. Cohort studies have found that RT-PCR of plasma samples appear more handsome than RT-PCR of urine samples within the first 5 days of symptomatic ZV infection.30In addition to performing RT-PCR, a physical examination must be make to diagnosis ZV. During physical examination, a clinician should examine a patient for fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. Most symptomatic p atients will present with rash and conjunctivitis.1,2 Clinicians should access the patients risk of exposure, such as travel history to an area of active transmission and unprotected sexual contact with someone who recently traveled to an affected area.Bloodwork should be completed. Generally bloodwork results are normal, but mild leukopenia (low white blood cell count), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and hepatic transaminitis (elevated liver enzymes) have been reported with ZV infection.31 Patients with suspected ZV should be evaluated for dengue and chikungunya virus infections as they all cause symptoms that overlap. The same mosquito vector transmits ZV, dengue fever, and chikungunya fever. Other illnesses to differentiate are malaria, influenza, infectious mononucleosis, and acute HIV infection.Other ZV testing options include serum virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and culture. IgM testing has a greater sensitivity at the end of the first week of illness. IgM has t he potential to cross-react with other flaviviruses.2 The FDA approved the CDC IgM Antibody Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Zika MAC-ELISA) as the first antibody test for emergency evaluation in selected laboratories.32 In addition to the Zika MAC-ELISA, Trioplex Real-Time RT-PCR assay can be used for ZV diagnosis. Culture is generally not used as a tool, but rather an aid to determine if any additional infections are present. If a patient is symptomatic or thought to have contracted the infection due to recent ZV exposure, these diagnostic tools are used to diagnose ZV.Coinfection with other viral illnesses transmitted by the same infected Aedes mosquito can occur. Dengue and chikungunya fever are the common illnesses that are associated with ZV. These coinfections were found in Nicaragua. Between September 2015 and April 2016, 356 patients in Nicaragua with suspected arboviral illnesses provided serum samples for ZV, dengue, and chikungunya fevers.33 A real-time RT-PCR confirmed the presence of a virus. Of those that provided serum samples, 263 had at least one of these viruses, 71 of these cases had a coinfection with 2-3 viruses.Suspected cases should be reported to local health departments in the U.S. for coordination of testing, care, and spread prevention. The CDC and selected state health departments perform more testing to confirm the diagnosis of ZV. The CDC provides guidance for sending ZV samples for testing.There are specific considerations for pregnant women. In 2016, the CDC provided guidelines for evaluation and management for pregnant women and infants with suspected ZV infections (Appendices 1 and 2). Possible Zika virus exposure should be discussed with all pregnant women during each prenatal visit. Testing symptomatic pregnant women should be based on the time of potential exposure. Additional testing is needful to rule out other illnesses, such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Other illnesses to consider include malar ia, rubella, measles, parvovirus B19 infection, influenza, rickettsial illnesses, enterovirus illnesses, acute HIV infection, and group A streptococcal infection.34 If asymptomatic pregnant women have an ongoing risk for exposure, routine ZV IgM testing should be performed at visits during the first and second trimesters.Offering RT-PCR testing for asymptomatic women with possible infection is recommended for those who have had exposure within the past two weeks of their prenatal visits. Positive results from RT-PCR testing confirm infection. However, a negative result does not exclude infection IgM testing should be performed for further analysis.In addition to testing, if ZV is suspected or confirmed, serial ultrasounds are necessary all 3-4 weeks to monitor fetal growth and anatomy. Decisions on amniocentesis should be discussed as it is considered a high-risk procedure. Amniocentesis is a medical procedure where a small sample from the amniotic sac surrounding a fetus is sample d and examined for genetic abnormalities. The optimal time to perform this procedure to accurately diagnose ZV is unknown. Amniocentesis is generally performed after 15 weeks of gestation. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the accuracy of this test, amniocentesis should be discussed on an individualized basis.Currently there is no specific antiviral treatment available for ZV. The recommended treatment is supportive with a focus primarily on rest, hydration, and fever and pain control. Acetaminophen is preferred to address fever and pain. Until dengue fever can be excluded, aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDS), such ibuprofen and naproxen, should be averted to reduce the risk of hemorrhage.Most infected individuals recover within a week. Hospitalization or severe disease is not common. Those individuals infected with ZV are encouraged to avoid mosquito exposure during the first week of symptom onset to reduce the risk of continued transmission.2,3 While i nfected, individuals should isolate themselves, refrain from sexual contact, and avoid mosquito exposure.Mosquito avoidance is the main option for prevention and further spread of ZV. This is the key to preventing illness while traveling to endemic or epidemic affected regions. Eliminating mosquito habitat is also recommended. Mosquitoes can breed in small amounts of water. Individuals traveling in affected locations should wear light-colored clothing that completely cover the body, use mosquito repellents with DEET, and utilize mosquito nets.There are additional precautions for pregnant women and women trying to become pregnant. Women should avoid traveling to areas of active transmission. Consulting healthcare providers before traveling is recommended. The CDC instructs pregnant women to avoid traveling to elevations less than

The Importance Of The Nile River Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of The Nile River Environmental Sciences EssayEveryone has certain things they struggle with, and we are always ordaining to lend an ear to anyone who might help us resolve one of those struggles and find the best solutions for these Struggles. No one wad live without water supply this is why Nile is like the main arteryof Egypt. The Nile is considered the only weapons that hold dear Egypt from the upcoming water war that will place down a lot of countries. Egypt would be almost both barren deserts without the Nile. This Paper is an attempt to picture that the Nile is one of the most alpha things that Egypt preservet live without, by studying how ancient Egyptians utilise it to make their great history, how Egyptians now are greatly touched by the Nile and that without it Egypt will die.No one can deny that the Nile was so important to the pharaohs in their daily life. The pharaohs was so smart , they used the Nile so bang-up to help them in their life. The pharaohs used the Nile for agriculture. The pharaoh got all(a) the rich peasants to do the farm work on the rich lands. Most of the ancient villagers were farmers. Farmers lived in towns too with slyness workers, traders and other workers and their families. Egyptians grew several crops such as wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines. The most important crop at this time was grain. The pharos used grain to make bread, porridge and beer. The Grain was the startle crop they grew afterflooding season. Once grain was harvested, they grew vegetables such as onions, cabbages, beans, cucumbers and lettuce .Farmers political programted fruit, trees on paths, to give shade as well as fruit. The Egyptians grew their crops along the banks of the River Nile on the rich black primer which was considered one of the best soils for agriculture in the world. This rich soil was left behind after the yearly floods. This soil was ideal to grow healthy crops. Egyptian farme rs divided their year into three seasons, found on the cycles of the Nile Akhetwhich starts in June and ends in September and called besides The Flooding Season. domain was not done at this time, as all the fields were flooded. Instead, many farmers worked for the pharaoh, building pyramids or temples. Some of the time was spent mending their tools and looking for animals. Peret which starts in October and ends in February and called also The Growing Season.In October, the floodwaters receded, leaving behind a layer of black soil. Shemuwhich starts in March and ends in May and called also The result Season.The fully grown crops had to be harvested and removed before the Nile is flooded again. It was also the time to repair the canals to be ready for the next flood. Every June in the year, the Nile flooded. This was know the flooding season. During this time the farmers mend tools or make new ones. People would go fishing for extra food or money. To lift the water from the Nile t hey used ashaduf. A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other end. By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the Nile River. The farmers then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. He then swings the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field. Nowadays Egyptian are sticking to the Nile from ancient Egyptians to modern Egypt which come on how brisk beside the Nile is important and living beside the Nile make life easier.A question that a lot of people dont know its answer, Why the Nile River Flood? .Rains in Africa, peculiarly rains coming from the Ethiopian Highlands, and melting snow caused the Nile River to flood. The Ancient Egyptians used something called nilometer to record how high the Nile was during the year. In May the Nile River is at the lowest point as it will be all year long. From June to August the Nile River rises rapidly. In the middle of September the river is at the peak. By the time October, the Niles water level begins to decrease again. The Ancient Egyptians held a big festival every year for the Nile River because they thought that the Nile River flooded because Isis which was an Egyptian goddess. They also offered ahumansacrifice for the Nile River. The flood still continues every year. The yearly flood carries dead and decaying plants in its muddy solution. Themuddy wateris called silt, and silt creates excellent farm soil.Since 1970, theAswan Damhas controlled the yearbook flood of the Nile River by holding hold water, the Aswan Dam created the worlds largest man-made lake Lake Nasser. The water from Lake Nasser provided new fishing areas and provides often(prenominal) needed water for agriculture.Since the Nile was so important in old Egyptian history, so its for received that the Nile importance increased now much more .One of the most important thing that Egypt gets benefit due to the Nile is the High Dam. The high dam is located in Aswan. It was consummate in 1970. It cost was one jillion dollar its capacity is 5.97 trillion cubic feet. It was built to control the flood and to obtain from it hydroelectric baron and it is also used in irrigation. The Aswan High Dam captures water flood during rain seasons and releases the water during times of drought. The dam also generates enormous amounts of electric former more than 10 billion kilowatt every year. Thats enough electricity to power one million color televisions for 20 years continuously. Unfortunately, the dam has also several negative side effects. In order to build the dam, Egyptian peasants had to move. To make matters worse, the rich silt that normally fertilized the dry desert land during annual floods is now at the bottom of Lake Nasser which lead to that the Farmers have been forced to use about one million tons of stilted fertilizer as a substitute for natural nutrients that once fertilized the arid floodplain. A lot of research pr oved that Egyptians prefer living along the Nile River because its much easier for their life rather than living in the desert or away from the Nile River. One of the most important things is using the Nile as main source for water. Water is one of the most important things for the human body because the human body consists of 60% of water which is a very big percentage .The health of the human body cannot work flop without the proper hydrations of the body .we have to drink half of our body weight in ounce every day. The water is very important for every electric organ inside our body. The brain consist 85% of water, the bones consist of 35% of water, blood consist of 83% of water and the liver consist of 90% of water. This proves how much the water is so important.The first aim of every country is to raise the economical state. The economical state increase when the country make projects which come subscribe with a lot of profits to themselves. This what the Nile should be used in Egypt to increase their economical state. There are a lot of economical projects that were made based on the Nile River. The first project that we are going to talk about is the high dam. As we said before, the high dam costs 1 billion dollar and can contain 5.97 trillion cubic feet of water. The high dam provide Egypt from south to north with high amount of electricity to run up their machine such that television, computer, lamps and their appliances. A lot of countries have problem for obtaining high amount of electricity like that in that easy way. This proves how this project which was based on the Nile is so essential now for the Egyptian and cant live without it. The second project that we are going to talk about is the Nasser Lake. The Nasser lake is one of the biggest and best artificial lakes that were made with the water of the Nile river. tourers come all over the world to see this beautiful lake which wad handmade by Egyptian with the Nile river water. The lake is e xtends for 350 miles which is about 560 kilometers and is about 6 mile which is about 10 kilometer wide. Tourists come there to see the impressive variety of animals. There people can find variety of mammals, reptiles and birds. Tourist also visits this wonderful lake for fishing trip because this lake contains about 32 different fish species which is a large number. The Third Project is Tuskha Project .This Project is completed yet but if this project is completed, it is capable of converting all the desert lands in Egypt into agricultural land. The Nile played a very important role in tourism, all tourists come all over the world to the how the Nile is great and they take a cruise from north Egypt to south Egypt and visit all the beauty which is on the Nile. The Nile can be used for a very important thing which is transportation. Egypt has a very big problem which is craft jam. This is why the government should begin to plan how to use the Nile as a very good way for transportati on. The Nile can be used in transporting people from one city to another. The government can also use the Nile in trading which will be very effective and will be a very good solution for the traffic jam because most of the traffic jam is because the trucks and the big busses, so the government should put this solution in the plan because it will help in ontogeny Egypt to the good in the future.Did you hear about the water war in the skillful future? It has been said that waterwill be the oil of the twenty-first century, or liquid gold, and that it will cause wars between nations. Water will be one of the hardest thing to obtain and will be very dearly-won and as we said before the human body can live without proper hydration of the body. All countries are facing this future problem which is the water war and it will be a critical problem that should be right now trying to find a solution for it. Water War is seen near on the other hand Egypt doesnt have a problem. A lot of resea rch proved that Egypt is one of the most countries that will not be change by this water war in the near future. But this is not a reason that Egyptian doesnt take care and protects the Nile. Egyptian has to save the Nile water and protect it from pollution. God gave us a very good thing and we have to protect it and save its water as much as potential because researches proved that more that 32% of the consumed water is wasted without getting used of it. So this problem also should be solved. People can see that this is a small problem but in the near future it will be a big problem and may god protect all countries from this problem because people cant live without water and this is what differ the earth from other planets.As a conclusion, No one can live without the Nile River because no one can live without water this is why Nile is like the main arteryof Egypt. The Nile is considered the only weapons that protect Egypt from the upcoming water war that will destroy a lot of cou ntries. The Nile should be used to make project to increase Egypt economy such as the high dam, the Nasser Lake and the toshka project. We should try to get benefit of the Nile as much as possible as the ancient Egyptian was doing at their time, they knew how much the Nile is a gift from god .A lot of Egyptian doesnt know how much Nile is important to them, they used the Nile every day in an indirect way, but they dont think that all this from the Nile, so when use turn on your TV or your laptop you have to know that this is from the Nile. So what do you think, The Nile is important or not?

Analysis of Nestles Position in India

Analysis of Nestles Position in IndiaNestle is one of the largest companies in the world. It produces different types of products and was based in different part of the world. It was started in 1868 by Henri Nestle, who set up a gross sales office in London. The friendship went under the recent ownership when Henri Nestle retired in 1875.Nestle undecided its first factory in 1901 in UK and got merged with the Anglo-Swiss draw confederation which was founded by Charles and George page. It has acquired its own brand image over the years by innovating new products and attracting people all over the world with its quality products. Nestle became one of the leading companies in the world when it started producing chocolates. The chocolate production began at Hayes in 1913 and the famous white chocolate Milky Bar was released into the market in 1937. The other products of Nestle argon coffee, milk, chocolates etc. The company has its branches in 86 countries exchangeable India, Pak istan, US, South Africa, brazil, Sri Lanka, France , Middle east countries etc all over the world and nearly employs 283,000 people. It has over 250,000 sh arholders, while most of them are from Swiss. Nestle products are well cognise in the whole word for their wide range of products which include coffee , infant nutrition, baby products ,chocolates , milk products etc. Nestle products are cheaper when compared to other milk products and chocolates and the reputation in the market is good which makes the company to release wide range of products in the market across the whole world. Nestle is the world loss leader in the categories of coffee, infant nutrition, chocolates etc. The company respects the opinions of its customers and makes certain(a) that the products are manufactured according to their interests.FIVE COMPONENTS OF ARMSTRONGS MODEL pedestal the environmental factors that are to be taken into account as the essential background for the organisations HR strategies. Th ese factors cigaret be analysed by using SWOT or PESTLE analysis. content the exposit of the proposed HR strategies of an organisation must be includedRATIONALE the business case for the strategy.IMPLEMENTATION finding the ways and plans to implement the proposed HR strategies.COST AND derive ANALYSIS analysing the benefits and costs of implementing a strategy and acting according to the outcomes that may occur.NESTLE follows the strategies like commitment strategy, developing trust, culture management etc. By following and implementing these type of strategies, NESTLE has innovated and developed itself throughout the years. allow us evaluate the HR strategy of NESTLE organisation using Michael Armstrongs specimen for the strategys design.BASIS the environmental factors of the NESTLE organisation are evaluated using the SWOT analysis.STRENGTHSThe company has a great support from its parent company which has a great function all over the world. It has huge brand strength all ove r the world. The brands like NESCAFE, MAGGI and CERELAC which are generic to their product categories are truly strong in the Indian market. Around 67% of the population use Nescafe, Maggi and Cerelac for their daily uses.Another main Strength of the company is, it continuously introduces new products in to the market with mod thoughts and attracts people towards it. It makes sure that its products are manufactured with quality. in that location are nearly 3500 scientists in the companys RD department to innovate new thoughts and ideas. It is a truly global company which is operated in 77 countries. The competition from other organisations doesnt affect Nestle because of the low cost and high quality it maintains. It has a very strong form wedge unlike the other organisations.WEAKNESSBecause of the un level(p) nature of the Indian market, the things get more complicated. It is very some(prenominal) important to maintain good hygiene standards, knowing personnel in the food in dustries like Nescafe. It is very difficult to maintain these standards in the big countries like India which has a complex supply chain management.OPPURTUNITIESThere are lots of opportunities to the company in the huge country like India. There are lots of towns in India where the products of Nescafe are not available. It contribute melt to those towns and villages and dissolve increase its market. The company can extend its product folio by introducing new products into the market.As India is a huge country with lots of resources and manpower, it can be made as the export hub to achieve better results. Everyone is becoming a wellness freak now days, including the United States. So, health based products are having great opportunities in the global market.THREATSThe main threat for any organisation is its competitor. There is a huge competition among the organisations. Nestle faces huge competition from the coordinate and unorganised sectors. Moreover, the Indian government has change magnitude the import duty of food products, making the things worst. The organisation does not have any threats from the small scale industries provided it will have threats from the organisations which are established with large investments and big brand value.The performance of FMCG sector is very less in the past 2-3 years, compensate though there is a decent pace of growth in the economy of the organisation. Some of the markets in which the company is about to enter, are already mature regarding these products.CONTENTThe main principle of HR strategies of the NESTLE organisation is its products growth through innovation and renovation. The other important strategies areAttracting dynamic employees and giving training to them developing the managementRespecting other cultures and traditionsProviding training to the new comersSome other principles of proposed HR strategies are maintaining diversity in the manufacturing of products, despite of introducing several product s in to the organisation.RATIONALELet us have a look on the business case of proposed HR strategies of NESTLE organisation.NESTLE has its Kit Kat manufacturing plant in York England. Ian Jobson is the trough of that plant. For manufacturing a ton of Kit Kat chocolate, it used to take like 38 man hours. It is a waste of time and man power and even it costs a lot of money to the organisation. To overcome this problem, they have implemented new strategies in the manufacturing of the chocolate. They have innovated and renovated their strategies and came up with a new strategy.They have decreased the human labour and introduced robotics to make the work easier. They used robotics, automated packaging, and production line improvements and they have reduced the manufacturing time to 23 hours.IMPLEMENTATIONNESTLE makes sure that the proposed strategies are implemented without any failure. It provides the necessary resources and necessary funds to the HR department to implement their strateg ies. It follows different strategies and concepts to reach the better heights and to sustain in this competitive world. It has a research development department, who works on innovation of the new products and renovating the available products of the company.It opens new branches every year to attain a great grip on the market.It commits to a strong work to achieve better resultsNESTLE makes sure that it follows all the local laws and legislations, as reputation of the company affects the sales of the organisationIt gives rights to the employees to question their superiors about an unfair evaluationIt motivates its employees, train them in maintaining teamwork, cooperate and integrate with the organisations strategies.COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSISNESTLE tries to decrease the entire utilization of natural resources. By doing this, it benefits in increase the human resources, expands contact to the financial resources.The managers and the individual employees are very benefited by the HR strategies of NESTLE. The company believes in the individual achievement of the employees scarpers a major role in the development of an organisation. To encourage its employees, the HR department has designed a pay structure to its employees. The company even introduced practices like job enlargement to encourage their employees and to break the limitations of their work.Let us evaluate the pay structure of the NESTLE organisationNESTLE suggests rational remunerations to the employees. The level of remuneration is maintained above the average in the industry.The unpredictable part of salary is relatively big in rewarding an individual performance.The varying part of salary for higher management is based on the performances and achievements of the individuals and their team.BENEFITSThe employees can apply up to particular number leaves either personal or medical.They can have the assistance scheme for their childrens education.The organisation offers provident fund to their em ployees.The other benefits for the employees include retirement gratuity scheme, conveyance repayments, insurance for accidents etc.The other concepts that can be included are providing recruitment services, talent management and international HR etc. The recruitment services of NESTLE are very much recognised all over the world for their methods of recruitment. They dont just try to fill the jobs but makes sure that the right person is selected for the right job. They select the people who are dynamic, hard working, flexible and honest. Those candidates are selected whose values are similar to the companys culture. The HR officials are the one who takes the final decision in selecting a person.The company even maintains a Rewards and Employee relations team, which provides guide lines to the employees in necessary situations. They provide guidance to the line managers, HR managers, research and development department etc. It provides a health environment to its employees. In a mult i-national company like NESTLE, the employee turnover is less than 5%.EMPLOYEE RELATIONSNestle gives importance to the personal life of their employees. So, it makes sure that the work life and personal life of their employees is balanced. It maintains a separate policy in which work/life balance is given importance.REWARDS AND INCENTIVESNestle encourages its employees by giving rewards and incentives. By doing this, the employees who are eager to win awards will work hard for the development of the organisation.Competitiveness among the employees will result in the growth of the organisation. So, the organisation even offers a competitive reward package to its employees.The company awards NESTLE idea award every quarter to the employees who come up with innovative ideas. These are the different concepts and theories of NESTLE. remainderMichael Armstrong gave a brief explanation on the components that are to be included in the Human Resource strategies of an organisation. He covered all the important aspects which play a major role in the development of an organisation. By evaluating the HR strategy of NESTLE using Michael Armstrongs strategy model, we can understand that NESTLE is very keen and careful regarding the strategies it had implemented and it is going to implement in the future. NESTLE concentrated on its strengths, its weaknesses, the opportunities it has and the threats it has to face and planned strategies to face these problems. By the Michael Armstrong five components model the HR strategies are evaluated.In the first component basis for the organisation, HR strategies are estimated using SWOT analysis and the strengths and weaknesses are evaluated and future opportunities and threats are analysed. In the second component content the innovation and renovation of the Nestle organisation are discussed where the strategies state the need for development in the management and opportunities for the skilled employees. In the third component, Rational e shows the reduced man power to increase productivity by using robotics as a strategy which gave good results by fall man power to 23 hours from 38 hours. In the fourth component implementation stated that the need for urgency for the development of organisation by increasing the branches of nestle every year. In the fifth component cost and benefit analysis states the remuneration of the employees it depends on the individual performance which reflects the NESTLE organisations growth.

Billions and Billions :: Economics Economy Reproduction Essays

Billions and Billions Go to Hiroshima of the FrogsIt was announced recently that the 6 billionth person was born(p) into the world. The follows of muckle born within this past century, are staggering. There have been more pile born during this century than any previous one. How much suffering would there be if the Great Depression of the 1930s happened in todays world with so many people vulnerable to famine and starvation? Would the governments be able to provide for all of these people? It is disturbing to note that the earth has such a large population. How many people is too many people? If we look at the animal kingdom, species work on former(a) species, and populations remain fairly the same unless man has tipped the balance one way or another through industrialization or hunting. Mans presence in the environment seems to have no fail safe device for the overpopulation of people, however. Will we keep breeding and breeding until the capacity of the earth is luxuriant? Wil l there will be enough water and food ? Conditions may become much worse than during the the Great Depression. pile need to break in having too many children. But how can we deprive someone of their right to reproduce?Natural occurrences such as drought, hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanoes take a large number of lives. Yet mankind is getting better and better at announceing these events and saving many lives. There are earthquake proof buildings, shelters from hurricanes and Doppler radar to predict floods, tornadoes and hosts of other conditions. Sickness and disease used to be another way Mother Nature kept populations in balance. In todays modern world, we have vaccines, hurricanes and Doppler radar to predict floods, tornadoes and hosts of other conditions. Sickness and disease used to be another way Mother Nature kept populations in balance. In todays modern world, we have vaccines and drugs. People today live nearly twice as long as they did in the beginning of the centu ry. Mankind and its pursuit of progress has surpassed Mother Nature as controller of the planets destiny. We have an awesome responsibility in todays modern world just to figure out how many people is too many people and what the capacity of our planet is. Perhaps, subconsciously, our collective brain has determined a way for our populations to remain just below the critical level. We may be taking lessons from the whales.

Technological Advancement in the US Military Essay -- United States Mi

Technological Advancement in the US MilitarySince its declaration of independence from Great Britain, the United States has experienced wars of umteen different sorts. for each one war introduced a new kind of warfare. The Revolutionary War introduced for the first time in American history, the idea of naval warfare. Ships were armed with dozens guns and carried several(prenominal) dozens of men. The musket, armed with its bayonet as well as the cannon proved to be worthy weaponry advancements in the infantry together with versatile pistols. The Civil War introduced the revolving pistol as well as the Gatling gun which enabled soldiers to produce rapid fire and destroy enemies in large quantities with a exclusive round. New technological advancements in transportation such as the railroad, enabled large quantities of troops to travel to a given area in nearly half(a) the amount of time. However, the turn of the twentieth introduced new technological advancements in the country a s well as the military. This ignited a century of technological advancements in the military that has enabled the United States to excel in militaristic domination.The first war to use significant technological advancement was World War I. Despite the initiation of trench warfare (in which troops dug bases many feet deep into the ground and fought only on the surface), the art of battle would forever be changed. There were many different types of weaponry advancements experienced in World War I. Machine guns were built twice more powerful than in the Civil War, firing up to 600 bullets a minute which was the equivalent of 250 riflemen. Artillery experienced a massive technological progression with the building of several thousands of powerful cannons with shells filled with ... ...ccomplishments. As the geezerhood progress, just as they have in the past, so will military technology. Not more 80 years ago, the United States was just learning how to se auto guns. Not more than 60 y ears ago, the United States was just learning how to use tanks and artillery. Nowadays, the US military has become the leading war machine in all aspects of warfare including weapons, computer technology and biological as well as chemical warfare. God only knows what advancements are to come our way. kit and caboodle Cited * www.archives.gov/research/military/navy-ships/sailing-ships.html * www.doublegv.com/ggv/battles/tactics.html * www.revision-notes.couk/revision/927.html * www.channel4.com/histroy/microsites/w/wwzweapons.html * www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/weapons.html * www.science.howstuffworks.com/surveillance-stealth-channel

The Medias Influence on Teenage Suicide Essay -- Teenage Suicide Essa

The Medias Influence on Teenage SuicideFiction Only bad kids who have the ill-treat friends and bad lives commit felo-de-se. Fact Kids who have the right friends and a bright future in front of them commit self-annihilation. Fiction Music, movies, and other forms of media do non influence immaturers in any way, shape, or form. Fact Music, movies, and other forms of media are influencing teenagers to commit suicide.Teenage suicide is on the rise at an alarming rate. season depression and other social pressures play a takeificant role in suicide among teenagers, there is evidence showing that music, movies, and other ways the media portrays suicide as glamorous and noble is having a major influence on teenagers considering suicide.Every year more than 4,000 teenagers between the ages of 15 and 24 commit suicide and another 400,000 attempt suicide the number of suicides may be even higher because many suicides are hidden by families who report the suicides as accidents or murders (Klagsburn 16). Suicide now ranks as the third leading cause of death among people ages 15 to 24, trailing only accidents and homicides(Worsnop 371). Over the past four decades, teenage suicide rose a staggering 200 percent (Waters 49). Of all the suicides studied among people under 25, nearly two-thirds of them were committed with guns, teenagers who committed suicide by hanging themselves ranked second, and poisoning ranked third (Colburn 5.)There are many warning signs of suicide. A teenager contemplating suicide will drop numerous clues before attempting suicide. Such warning signs as withdrawal from the family, changes in eating and sleeping habits, as well as loss of interest in school assignment or favorite activities, such as participation in athletics. Some teenagers express a preoccupation with pain, death, or suicide. They often talk of death and entertain actual threats to end their life. Many teenagers will drop verbal clues such as I might as well be dead, or youll b e sorry when Im gone. (Goldstein, 55.) A preparation for death may take place, for instance, giving away prized possessions (Worsnop, 372-73). In some cases, the most ominous sign of suicidalintent is the sudden onset of apparent peace of mind after a long period of troubling behavior.Such a sense modality change may indicate the person hasfinally resolved to commit suicide and thus h... ...of Violent Entertainment. New York Oxford University Press, 1998.Hutchings, David. I Started Thinking about Dying. People. February 18, 1985 88-89.Keller, Julia. alike Regular Shootings Have Left Many Numb. Chicago Tribune.1 Aug 1999.Klagsburn, Francine. Too Young to Die. Boston HoughtonMifflin, 1976. Newton, David E. Violence and the Media A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara Instructional Horizons, 1996.Pond, Steve. Student Body Count. whorl Stone. April 1989 38. Royal Commission on Violence in the Communications Industry. Volume 1 Approaches, Conclusions, and Recommendations. Toronto The Ro yal Commission on Violence in the communications Industry, 1976.TV Suicide Link Fatal Retraction. Science News.October, 1987 218.Suicide Belt. Time. September 1, 1980 56.Trafford, Abigail. Death at an Early Age. The Washington Post. June 6, 1995 6.Waters, Harry, et al. Teenage Suicide One Act not to Follow. Newsweek. April 18, 1994 49.Worsnop, Richard L. Teenage Suicide. CQ Researcher 1.6 (June 6, 1991) 371-91.Zirkel, Perry A. Another Case of Student Suicide. Phi Delta Kappa. 77 (Sept. 1995) 91-94.