mutlicultural education :: essays research papers

Multicultural Education: (Amer. Educators Encyclopedia) curricula designed to recognize the integrity, contributions, strengths, and viability of different cultural, language, and social groups in society. -Its about creating structures and process’s that allow for the expression of many civilizations, communities and individuals we are. -Each group has a different history of why they immigrated and their experience. US is an intellectual and fast paced country, its a melting pot, each culture combined with another makes the US what it is today - so therefore we should learn about every origin and its contributions. Questions: 1) Who is benefiting from the education? 2) How should we present the material in a way so as to offend the least amount of people? Hispanic Facts Dropout rates -High school drop out rates are more than double that of white students -Most dropouts are:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Male   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Above age (2 levels behind)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low grades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavioral problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low income families, no encouragement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low educational attainment -Drop out to help family (Hispanic culture family = core of life). -Ethnic identities influence their self esteem and assimilation into a culture- hence not as much effort dedicated to schooling. -Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic group in the US public schools. -2 Factors that standout out are a.) segregation b) bilingual education -1 out of 4 Americans identify themselves as black Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander or American Indian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -In 1996 950 Hispanics received their doctorates (2nd lowest compared to Indians) 26,363 whites received it. Answers -The more ethnically integrated a school system is, the easier it will be for a teacher to develop a well rounded teaching style that would in turn benefit all students. -Teachers should attend workshops on Ethnicity and culture. -States and Federal Gov’t should either provide special funds to teach minority children in their own language (which may hurt them b/c English is a crucial element to get ahead) OR teach both English and Spanish (which is proven to higher GPA’s and credits)

19th Amendment analysis

The 19th Amendment The nineteenth amendment was an enormous step in history. It gave women the right to vote. For many years, women had been fighting for this. This amendment drastically changed the lives of Americans and others. It all started in 1848. In this year, the Women’s Suffrage Movement was organized. Some of the key leaders of this movement were Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan Anthony. These three women, with the help of many others, were vital in swaying the public’s view on women’s right to vote and have a say in the nation.During the nineteenth century, women organized, petitioned, lectured, marched, rioted, and practiced civil disobedience in order to get freedom. The nineteenth amendment was first introduced in 1878 and was ratified on August 18, 1920. This means that many of the women who started this movement did not live to see it passed. By 1916, most of the major suffrage organizations were fighting for women’s rights. Even President Wilson, eventually, supported the amendment. After the passing of the amendment, women still fought for equality in all social, political, and economic areas.This movement changed the whole energy of America. The nineteenth amendment gave half the population of America the right to vote and the right to hold public offices. This meant women finally had a voice, it was not just men making all the decisions. This was huge to have women in public offices. Offices once made up entirely of men were being infiltrated with women. It changed the whole dynamic of the working life. Not only did it change America, but it also affected other nations.The United Nations started to examine the treatment of women. Eventually, the United Nations created the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1979. The document required the countries that signed to end gender discrimination in their legal system To many, this amendment was one of the greatest and most monumental things to happen in history. Conversely, was it too successful? This act has given women a sense of right entitlement when it comes to things such as being in the army or holding high offices.It is not the job of women to defend our country. Men are our defenders. While some women deserve various jobs due to hard work, there are other jobs that should not be available to women. For instance, presidency should be limited to men. 1 Timothy 2:12 says â€Å"I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet. † According to the Bible, men are to have authority over women and women should not hold authority over men.The highest position of authority in America should only be given to men because they are to be the leaders, not women. Nowadays, women have a hard time submitting. They think that just because they now have rights they can take the position of men. This has greatly affected our society. Women are becomin g more independent and men are becoming lazier and are losing their leadership. It has caused families to split and the roles of husband and wife have been reversed in many relationships. However, this amendment has also been very good for society.Men no longer treat women like objects or lesser than themselves. Women are generally seen as equals. This is a Biblical idea. Adam and Eve were created equal in God’s image. Women should not be limited to basically being house servants. They are also human beings who have good insights and can help further a country or state. In the end, the nineteenth amendment has its pros and cons. But the fact that women were finally given equal rights to that of men was monumental. This amendment truly changed history.

An outline of the history of linguistics Essay

†¢ Hindu Tradition o Had its origins in the 1st millennium BC o Stimulated by changes in Sanskrit o Panini (c. 500 BC) is the best known grammarian o Panini’s grammar of Sanskrit covered phonetics and morphology †¢ The Greek Origin o The Greek tradition of linguistics developed in response to Homer’s epics. The Greeks founded the European tradition. o IMPORTANT THEMES IN THE GREEK TRADITION INCLUDE: ? The origin of language ? Classification of words (parts of speech) ? The relation between language and thought ? The relation between two aspects of word-signs (whether form and meaning are connected by nature or by  convention. 1 o Plato (c. 429-347 BC) distinguished between Nouns and Verbs. He favored nature over convention. o Aristotle’s (384-322 BC) main contributions to linguistics are as follows: †¢ He divided words into Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives. †¢ He divided the sentence into two parts, SUBJECT and PREDICATE. †¢ He classified GENDER into masculine, feminine, and neutral. †¢ He was the first to distinguish between the different types of TENSE a verb carries. o Thrax (100 BC) produced the first complete grammar of Greek. He concluded that Greek words fell into just eight classes, which we call the parts of speech. Thrax’s description of Greek has become the basis of all grammatical description in Europe until the 20th century. 2 †¢ Roman Tradition o After the Roman conquest of Greece in the mid-2nd century BC, Roman scholars learned of the Greek work, and they began to apply the same analysis to their own language, Latin. o One of the most influential Roman grammarians is Priscian, who wrote in the 6th century AD. Priscian’s description of Latin is still what we find in most school textbooks of Latin today. †¢ Arabic Tradition The oldest Arabic grammarian is Abu-Alaswad al-Du’ali, who established diacritical marks and vowels for Arabic in the mid-600s. o The schools of Basra and Kufa in the late 700s. o From the school of Basra, two representatives laid important foundations for the field: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi authored the first Arabic dictionary and book of Arabic prosody, and his student Sibawayh authored the first book on theories of Arabic grammar. 3 †¢ The Port-Royal Grammar o The 17th-century French scholars, known as the Port-Royal Circle, put together a remarkably original â€Å"universal† grammar of French that is very different from the Priscianic tradition. o The central argument of the Grammar is that grammar is  simply mental processes, which are universal; therefore grammar is universal. o The Port Royal Grammar had a pedagogical goal as its primary one. However, this goal was not learning a specific language, but rather learning any language. It aims to provide an overview of the grammatical features shared by all languages. o As such, it was part of Port Royal’s overall program of changing language teaching methodology 4 o A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THEIR ANALYSIS IS AS FOLLOWS: The invisible God created the visible world This sentence is analyzed as†¦ God, who is invisible, created the world, which is visible †¦. Which in turn is decomposed into the three propositions†¦ God is invisible God created the world The world is visible †¢ Historical Linguistics o Towards the end of the 18th century, European linguists began to realize that certain languages exhibited systematic resemblances. Linguists believed that these languages derive from one single ancestor. o For example, the English ‘f’ sound often corresponds to a ‘p’ sound in, among others, Latin and Sanskrit, an important ancient language of India. 5 Franz Bopp Jakob Grimm Rasmus Rask. Were able to show that almost all of the languages of Europe and many languages of Asia were all related. As a result, the study of language change and of the prehistories of languages, called HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, became the most important way of studying languages. †¢ An example of the kind of systematic correspondence that attracted early attention is shown in the following table. English Latin Greek father Pater Pater Foot Ped- Pod- For Pro Para Six Sex Hexa Seven Septem Hepta Salt Sal Hal New Novus neos 6 THE MOST SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENT OF THE 19TH CENTURY LINGUISTIC SCHOLARSHIP WAS (1) to establish the principles and methods used in setting up language families, and (2) to develop a general theory of language change and linguistic relationship. The 19th century is called the â€Å"golden age of philology†. This program of historical linguistics continues today. Linguists have succeeded in grouping the 5,000 or so languages of the world into a number of language families sharing a common ancestor. The Origins of General Linguistics The modern field of linguistics dates from the beginning of the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century, the non-historical study of language structure began to reassert itself. Scholars published important observations about word structure and sound structure in languages. This kind of work we now call GENERAL LINGUISTICS: the study of how languages are put together and how they work. 7 Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1013) In the early years of the 20th century, Saussure began lecturing on general linguistics at the University of Geneva. He died without ever publishing his ideas. In 1916, his students collected and edited their lecture notes in a volume with Saussure’s name on it. Saussure defined Language as a ‘system of distinct signs corresponding to distinct ideas’. He insisted that a language system can be separated from the complexities of speech and studied on its own. Before Saussure, most linguists perceived a language as primarily a collection of objects, such as speech sounds, words and grammatical endings. Saussure argued instead that a language is a structured system of elements, in which the place of each element is defined chiefly by how it relates to other elements. This approach is called STRUCTURALISM. †¢ Words are signs, and in linguistics we are studying the science of signs: semiology. And signs took on a value depending on words adjacent in use or meaning. English has sheep and mutton but French has only mouton for both uses. †¢ Langue (French, meaning â€Å"language†) and parole (meaning â€Å"speech†) are linguistic terms distinguished by Saussure. Langue encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system. 8 Langue involves the principles of language, without which no meaningful utterance, â€Å"parole†, would be possible. †¢ Parole refers to the concrete instances of the use of langue. This is the individual, personal phenomenon of language as a series of speech acts made by a linguistic subject. Saussure did not concern himself overly with parole; however, the structure of langue is revealed through the study of parole. †¢ A further aspect of Saussure’s work is an emphasis upon two different approaches to the study of language: a synchronic approach, in which we focus on the structure of a language at a particular moment in time (not necessarily the present), and a diachronic approach, in which we look at the development of a language over time. The Prague Circle After the 1st World War (1926), a number of East European linguists congregated in the Czech city of Prague. They developed structuralist ideas. Their primary interest was phonological theory. They also made contributions to syntax. †¢ Trubetzkoy (1890-1938) introduced the notion of phoneme and opposition. An example of his analysis of phonology is the way the 9 word caught is pronounced. This word is pronounced the same in American and Canadian accents. However, in most American accents, caught is pronounced differently from cot, while in Canadian accents caught and cot are pronounced identically. †¢ Jakobson (1896 – 1982) is a pioneer of the structural analysis of language. He developed techniques for the analysis of sound systems in languages (phonology). He applied these techniques to syntax, morphology, and semantics. He distinguished between phonology and phonetics. Jakobson defined semiotics as ‘the general science of signs, which has as its basic discipline linguistics, the science of verbal signs’. Linguistics provides the model of analyzing language as a structured system that â€Å" produces meanings†. Semiotics attempts to extend this approach to other non-linguistic systems, that is, to every aspect of social experience that can be analyzed as structured systems of signs (e.g. , traffic systems and architecture). 10 The Origins of American Linguistics Franz Boas (1858-1942) is an anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the â€Å"Father of American Anthropology†. Boas worked to demonstrate that differences in human behavior was primarily not determined by innate biological dispositions, but was largely the result of cultural differences acquired through social learning. In this way Boas introduced culture as the primary concept for describing behavioral differences in behavior between human groups, and as the central analytical concept of anthropology. He studied the dying cultures of Native Americans and realized that good investigation of these cultures required knowledge of their languages. Edward Sapir (1884 -1939) is also an anthropologist. He was Boas’s most famous student. He studied the ways in which language and culture influence each other, and he was interested in the relation between linguistic differences, and differences in cultural world views (e. g. , whom and who). 11 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897 – 1941) is Sapir’s best-known student. He pursued his teacher’s interests and produced a number of studies of native American and Canadian languages. He argues that the structure of our language must, to some extent, determine the way we perceive the world. This idea is called â€Å"the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis† or â€Å" The Linguistic Relativity†. †¢ The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. †¢ The hypothesis states that the way people think is strongly affected by their native languages. For example, (1) the number and type of the basic color words of a language determine how a subject sees the rainbow (how we see camels). Example (2): the Navaho language of Arizona is rich in words for talking about lines of various shapes and colors. Among the hundred or so words available for this purpose are: Adziisgai ‘ a group of parallel white lines running off into the distance’. 12 (3). Navaho place names are geometrical in nature. For example, a certain striking rock formation in Arizona is called Navaho Tse Ahe ii aha Tse Ahe ii aha means â€Å"TWO ROCKS STANDING VERTICALLY PARALLEL IN A VERTICAL RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER†. English speakers see objects resembling other objects.. They call these rocks â€Å"elephant’s feet†. A pioneer of American Structuralism Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) is another linguist who turned American linguistics somewhat away from its anthropological and cultural connections toward a more focused concentration on language structure in its own right. 13 He showed that the techniques of historical linguistics (already applied so successfully to European and Asian languages) could be applied with equal success to native (North) American languages. Bloomfield’s primary concern was to establish linguistics as a science. But he became best known for his 1933 textbook in which he presented a carefully articulated approach to the structuralist analysis of languages, far more explicit and detailed that Saussure’s analysis had been ( e. g. , gender in an Algonquian language ‘raspberry and knee= animate, while strawberry and elbow=inanimate). Bloomfield was influenced by behaviorist psychology. He denied the relevance of â€Å"mind†; that is , he opposed the mentalism that had characterized the American linguistics of Boas, Sapir, and their students. Chomsky’s Generative Grammar Noam Chomsky is the world’s most influential linguist. Chomsky introduced his generative ideas in a brief 1957 book, Syntactic Structures. 14 What is generative grammar? A generative grammar of a language attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form grammatical sentences. Generative grammar is a FORMAL grammar. It is explicit about what is compatible with it. Some rules of forming English sentences (phrase-structure rules): 1. S? NP VP 2. NP? Det N’ 3. N’? N 5. VP? V NP Possible noun phrases: the little girl my cat Possible verb phrases: hugged her dolly claws the sofa These rules are designed to stipulate exactly what can and cannot be a sentence of English. For example, the allow things like The little girl hugged her dolly and my cat claws the sofa But they do not allow things like *Little the girl her dolly hugged. 15 1. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously 2. *Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. Sentence (1) is perfectly grammatical because we know which category to put each word in the sentence (noun, verb, adjective, adverb). adj adj N V adv Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. We understand how to group these into subject and predicate: adj adj N. [Colorless green ideas ] subject V adv [ sleep furiously]. predicate And we know that â€Å"colorless green ideas† are directly related to â€Å"sleep†, connecting the subject and predicate. Because we know how to logically group parts of speech, we know that adv V N adj adj Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. is not a grammatical (ungrammatical/ ill-formed) sentence, simply because we cannot group these same words in a different order at all logically. Chomsky effectively proved that we have a built-in awareness of grammaticality, because we can explain why â€Å"colorless green ideas sleep furiously† is  acceptable and â€Å"furiously sleep ideas green colorless† is unacceptable. 16 Many of the properties of a generative grammar arise from an â€Å"innate† universal grammar. Transformational Grammar (TG) TG is a much more powerful kind of Generative Grammar. Chomsky rejected phrase-structure grammar because it is too simple to capture important facts about language (context-free). For example, to convert The police arrested John into John was arrested by the police A single transformational rule does all of the following: Move the police to the end of the sentence. Insert by before the police. Move John to the beginning of the sentence. Insert be before the verb arrested. Add tense-marking to convert be to was. Change the past tense arrested to the participle arrested. 17 Generative grammar shifted the focus of language study from behavior to state of the mind (behaviorism to cognition). The central concern becomes the knowledge of language: its nature, origins, and use. The three basic questions that arise, then are these: 1. What constitutes knowledge of language? 2. How is knowledge of language acquired? 3. How is knowledge of language put to use?

Pompeii: Tales from the Eruption Essay

The Museum of Fine Arts Houston had an art exhibition entitled â€Å"Pompeii: Tales from the Eruption†. There are almost 500 artifacts and cast of the remnants of dying people that were showcased. It also included a documentary film about the discovery of these artifacts and footage of the fierce eruption of Mt Vesuvius. The artifacts presented are tools of trade, jewelries, like necklaces and bracelets, murals and paintings, marble statues, and mosaics. One of the jewelries displayed is the golden snake bracelet. It is designed with a two headed snake biting the rims of the circle with an engraved figure of a lady, it maybe a goddess worshiped at the time. The helmet of the gladiators is also displayed. Gladiators are like wrestling superstars we idolized today, they are brave fighters who kill one another for freedom. They are the pitiful warriors used as an entertainment by the emperors and the people. There are also statues like the Statuette of Mercury which is made form gold and silver. Mercury is wearing a golden hat and a golden bag hanged over his neck. He carried a staff with wings and snakes, it is like the medical symbol, caduceus. And beside him is a cock with a golden collar. On the other hand, the Head of an Amazon is made from marble in mid-1st century AD. It was founded at the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, the city beside Pompeii, this is one of the best Roman copies of a type of Amazon of the Classical period. One of the amazing artifacts is the Triclinium A founded in . It is a mural of the god of music, Apollo, playing his lyre with his two muses on his side, Euterpe and Cleo. Apollo wears his cloak over his shoulders, he carried his lyre on his left arm and his head was adorned by laurel leaves. The mural is a fresco brightly colored in red, which was once displayed in a dining room. In connection with the dining room, is the silver Kantharos. It is a wine cup embellished with olives. In Roman beliefs, olives and wine are symbols of wealth. It can be predicted that these objects are used as status symbol by the rich citizens of the old city.   The Mosaic with Gorgon, House of the Centenary, Pompeii, is a floor mosaic from glass and stone tiles. It was designed and intricately arranged with different figures in the upper and lower portions. At the center inside a circle is the face of the gorgon Medusa, in Roman culture gorgon is an ugly creature. Medusa as we commonly know is a women cursed with snakes in her head. It is believed that anyone who looked into her eyes turned into stone. That is why; the floor mosaic at that time is used to ward off evil spirits and intruders alike. These objects provided a glimpse of the culture and lifestyle of the people of Pompeii. As the artifacts suggest, inhabitants of Pompeii are elegant people, they are the type that loves entertainment and jewelries like the ones we see in epic movies about Rome. These golden bracelets, statues and murals we see today were once flaunted by the gorgeous people of the old city. It reminded me of the rich city before it was devastated by the gruesome lavas that burst out from Mt Vesuvius. The eruption of the gory volcano was painted by Pierre-Jacques Volaire in 1777. The oil painting depicts the violent upsurge of molten lava from the mouth of Mt Vesuvuis. The lava is like a monster engulfing everything that comes his way living or non-living. There are people crossing the bridge, scurrying and running helplessly to save their lives and over the sky hanged the black clouds. The painting looked alive to me. I felt like I was there, struggling among the throngs of wallowing children and shrieking men and women.   It felt like the 911 incident although it does not relate from nature but the catastrophic event and the devastation. The eruption of the volcano in Pompeii was experience by the people; my experience in the 911 incident is only through media coverage. However, it still felt achingly the same. There are other depressing objects showcased in the museum. The plaster cast of a mother and her child that was found on the same house where the golden bracelet was discovered was totally heartbreaking. I can almost feel the terror the mother would have felt and how she fervently prays for God to save her daughter. There are more remnants of people found, in the large Palaestra and the Via Stabiana. The picture of the cast from the staircase of the House of Fabius Rufus showed how desperately people tried to escape from the wrath of the volcano yet they were ferociously burnt by the sea of molten lava. If I were caught in that deadly situation, I would probably feel as if the world was coming to an end as described by all religious denominations. I would have been praying so hard for God to come and rescue me, although I could imagine, at that time all you can hear were the terrifying screams and cries from all the inhabitants running for their lives over the thundering rage of the volcano. And although it happened years ago, I still felt sorry for them, I hope that their soul will find peace someday. My visit at the museum is an experience that will never be forgotten. It arose a state of awareness in me that made me realized how tragic life could be, I remembered the different tragedies that had walk and distraught the different life forms in earth; hurricane Katrina, World War 1 and 2, the tsunami in Indonesia, and the 911 incident. It made me feel angry and anxious because I know when this disasters occur we cannot do anything about it but I am thankful and happy because after all those catastrophes we have move on, we are still continuing to live our life until the end. All these mixed emotions overwhelmed me as I watch all the objects presented in the museum. It has been a sensible learning experience that relates the world today and the city that once live gloriously, the city of Pompeii. Works Cited Focus work of Art: The Eruption of Mt Vesuvuis. North Carolina Museum of Art. 14 April 2008 < http://www.ncartmuseum.org/artnc/object.php?themeid=1&objectid=1>. Houston, Museum of Fine Arts â€Å"Pompeii. Tales from an Eruption. 2 Mar 2008. Eosarte.eu. 14 April 2008 . Pompeii: Tales from an Eruption. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. 14 April 2008

Brief of case U.S v. Kozeny Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brief of U.S v. Kozeny - Case Study Example Defendant asked that the court determine the substance of appropriate law in Azerbaijan and instruct the jury on particular defenses that might be accessed through the law of Azerbaijan. Reasoning: The Court argued that, though the defendants were relieved from prosecution because the bribery had been properly reported to the authorities, it did not make the action unlawful. Article 171 relieves the payer of prosecution, but not the payment. The defendants showed â€Å"corrupt† intent by consciously paying the officials which made them liable to the law. However, if the defendants provided evidence for â€Å"true extortion† then the Court would instruct the jury to provide exemptions to criminal liability under Article 171. Analysis: The case is significant because it shows that reporting the bribery does not exempt bribers from related criminal charges, unless in cases of â€Å"true extortion.† Defendants of bribery cases cannot easily evade the legal consequences of corrupt bribery

Strategic Marketing of Qatar Airways Assignment

Strategic Marketing of Qatar Airways - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that strategic marketing orientation is an integral part of the modern-day business. Modern day business is ever-changing. It is very important for each and every organization to change their structure according to the time. The modern business is full of cutthroat competitions; managing competition is the need of the hour for the management across the world. Customers are the focus and understating customers continuously is a complex but important task. The performance of the company has significant dependency on inter-functional co-ordination. Organizational culture with their values and visionary thoughts also play significant roles in the marketing orientation. Shareholders are the pillars of organizational successes, it is important for every company to take care of the long-term interests of shareholders. With the help of this study Managing director of Qatar, airways will be able to get some insights of marketing orientation on the bas is of the above-written factors. The organization has 131 fleet sizes and the company covers 144 destinations across the world. According to Donavan, Brown, Mowen, customer orientation is all about a group of actions taken by the companies to identify and meet the needs of the customers. The authors said that previously organizations were more products centric but as the business scenario has changed nowadays organizations are transforming themselves into more customer-centric. They also commented that performances of the organizations are highly dependent on the continuous understanding of changing needs of customers. In the modern world of business customer orientation is the core factor and fundamental aim of every organization is to remain focused towards customers. They argued that in modern-day business every company relies on pricing, innovation and brand image. They commented that apart from all these things organizations can gain high competitive advantages through offering quality services and by meeting the customer expectations.

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company law - Essay Example In Salomon’s case, Lord Halsberury stated that â€Å"once the company is incorporated it must be treated like any other independent person with rights and liabilities appropriate to itself†. This means that the company as independent person has rights and obligations which are not the same as the rights and obligations of its member. This the fundamental attribute of corporate personality. Incorporation has both economical and social consequences on a company after being registered. For instance, the company has a perpetual life existence as its life does not depend on the life of its members. The company’s membership changes in a definite order prescribed by the company’s article and subject to changes indefinite period of time until the company’s liquidation. The membership is transferable from one member to another as long as the entity is a going concern. Corporate corporata also means that the member’s liabilities are limited by shares or liability. The liability of members is either limited to the amount that has remained unpaid, if any, on the shares held by then or to the amount the members have undertaken to contribute on the assets of the company incase its wound up or liquidated. This means that the debts of the company are not the debts of the shareholders as illustrated by the facts of and decision in Salomon v Salomon & co. ltd in which it was held that Salomon as a member was not under an obligation to pay the company’s debts. Thus the company’s creditors cannot institute legal proceedings against a member in order to recover the amount owed to them by the company. The member does not become his debtor merely because the company is his debtor, as in the case of unincorporated entities. A registered company has also the legal capacity to sue and be sued in its own name, which act as its seal. That is the company is the proper plaintiff and neither the directors nor shareholders can sue on its behalf to redress a wrong done to the company. This is illustrated by the facts of and the decision in, Foss v Harbottle. A limited company has also the capacity and the ability to buy, own or sale property in its own name, thus the company’s property does not belong to the members as per the case of Macaura v Northern Assurance Company. Thus, if the directors or the shareholders take the company’s money to purchase personal effect or discharge personal liability will be liable to the company for conversion. This is explained in the case of A L Underwood Ltd v Bank of Liverpool. The directors only hold the money in trust on behalf of the company due to fiduciary relationship. Thus incorporation renders a company a distinct and separate legal entity unlike unincorporated entities such as sole proprietorship or partnership. This principle is what is referred to as, in common parlan ce, as corporate shield or veil of incorporation between the company and its members. Unveiling the corporate veil is the identification of the company with its members to hold individual members liable to their own acts for assistance of the authority or court to compel corporate legal entity to look unto real beneficial owners. The court may lift and/ or unveil where its essential to secure justice where deemed necessary but the rule of separate legal entity still remains the general principal except in exceptional cases. There are some instances under statutory provision or